Definition and Examples of Word Triplets in English

In  English grammar  and  morphology, triplets  or word triplets are three distinct words derived from the same source but at different times and by different paths, such as place, plaza, and piazza (all from the Latin platea, a broad street). In most cases, such words have the same ultimate origin in Latin. Captain, Chief,andChef The triplets wont necessarily be obvious just by looking at the words but will take a little investigation for their relationship to come clear. English words encode interesting and useful historical information. For example, compare the words captainchiefchef All three derive historically from cap, a Latin word element meaning head, which is also found in the words capital, decapitate, capitulate, and others. It is easy to see the connection in meaning between them if you think of them as the head of a vessel or military unit, the leader or head of a group, and the head of a kitchen respectively. Furthermore, English borrowed all three words from French, which in turn borrowed or inherited them from Latin. Why then is the word element spelled and pronounced differently in the three words?The first word, captain, has a simple story: the word was borrowed from Latin with minimal change. French adapted it from Latin in the 13th century, and English borrowed it from French in the 14th. The sounds /k/ and /p/ have not changed in English since that time, and so the Latin element cap-  /kap/ remains substantially intact in that word.French did not borrow the next two words from Latin...French developed from Latin, with the grammar and vocabula ry being passed down from speaker to speaker with small, cumulative changes. Words passed down in this way are said to be inherited, not borrowed. English borrowed the word chief from French in the 13th century, even earlier than it borrowed captain. But because chief was an inherited word in French, it had undergone many centuries of sound changes by that time...It was this form that English borrowed from French.After English borrowed the word chief, further changes took place in French...Subsequently English also borrowed the word in this form [chef]. Thanks to the linguistic evolution of French and the English propensity to borrow words from that language, a single Latin word element, cap-, which was always pronounced /kap/ in Roman times, now appears in English in three very different guises. (Keith M. Denning, Brett Kessler, and William R. Leben, English Vocabulary Elements, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2007) Hostel, Hospital, and Hotel Another example [of triplets] is hostel (from Old French), hospital (from Latin), and hotel (from modern French), all derived from the Latin hospitale. (Katherine Barber, Six Words You Never Knew Had Something to Do With Pigs. Penguin, 2007) Similar but From Different Sources The resulting English triplets might not even look similar, depending on the route they took to get to English. The simultaneous borrowing of French and Latin words led to a highly distinctive feature of modern English vocabulary: sets of three items (triplets), all expressing the same fundamental notion but differing slightly in meaning or style, e.g., kingly, royal, regal; rise, mount, ascend; ask, question, interrogate; fast, firm, secure; holy, sacred, consecrated. The Old English word (the first in each triplet) is the most colloquial, the French (the second) is more literary, and the Latin word (the last) more learned. (Howard Jackson and Etienne Zà © Amvela, Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. Continuum, 2000)Still more remarkable is the fact that there are in our language words that have made three appearances—one through Latin, one through Norman-French, and one through ordinary French. These seem to live quietly side by side in the language, and no one asks by what claim they are here. They are useful; that is enough. These triplets ar e—regal, royal, and real; legal, loyal, and leal; fidelity, faithfulness, and fealty. The adjective real we no longer possess in the sense of royal, but Chaucer uses it...Leal is most used in Scotland, where it has a settled abode in the well-known phrase the land o the leal. (J.M.D. Meiklejohn, The English Language, Its Grammar, History, and Literature.  12th ed. W.J. Gage, 1895)

Analysis Of Platos Allegory Of The Cave - 864 Words

On the surface of Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† it is just a simple piece, but the main purpose of the piece is to explain people living in a world of face value and having individuals break free from the main idea to create a new sense of what the world is truly about. In here, Plato uses the writing style of allegory to encompass the use of imagery and symbolism to explain his purpose. He also uses very clever dialogue with constant repetition to represent a bigger idea about the philosophy with chained up people living in a cave of shadows. Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† is just one small part of his work The Republic. In this piece, in particular his use of allegory and dialogue become the two main rhetorical devices he uses to†¦show more content†¦The one prisoner finally escaping the cave to the outside light shows symbolism as a higher level of philosophy. Returning to the cave was the choice of the prisoner, he felt compelled to spread his new knowledge. Plato’s uses him to represent breaking free from the normal mindset shared. Plato’s argument stands since the cave represents lack of expanding on common knowledge. Even after the prisoner returns to express his findings to others, individuals with philosophies different than the norm is dismissed because of their level above previous things thought of as true. Imagery used by Plato as part of his writing style of allegory examines the shadows of the cave as ideas offered at surface level. Plato is showing people are there to believe what is given to them because they do not know anything else to be true. The shadows are explained, as â€Å"truth would be literally nothing but the shadows of the images† (Plato 450). Shadows are a brilliant use of imagery because they resemble something dark, indescribable, and hard to recognize. This helps support Plato’s argument because the truth can only be seen at the basic level without any complex details; it is just known to be true. His philosophy is that people can only see beyond the surface if they have to capability to do so and believe, what others think is crazy. Dialogue is style of writingShow MoreRelatedPlatos Allegory of the Cave - Analysis and Summary973 Words   |  4 PagesPlatos Allegory of the Cave - Analysis and Summary The Allegory of the Cave by Plato represents an extended metaphor that is to contrast the way in which we perceive and believe in what is reality. The thesis behind his allegory is the basic opinion that all we perceive are imperfect reflections of the ultimate Forms, which subsequently represent truth and reality. In his story, Plato establishes a cave in which prisoners are chained down and forced to look upon the front wall of the caveRead MorePlatos Allegory of the Cave - Analysis and Summary987 Words   |  4 PagesPlatos Allegory of the Cave - Analysis and Summary The Allegory of the Cave by Plato represents an extended metaphor that is to contrast the way in which we perceive and believe in what is reality. The thesis behind his allegory is the basic opinion that all we perceive are imperfect reflections of the ultimate Forms, which subsequently represent truth and reality. In his story, Plato establishes a cave in which prisoners are chained down and forced to look upon the front wall of the caveRead MoreAnalysis Of Platos Allegory Of The Cave1532 Words   |  7 PagesIn the allegory written by Plato titled â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†, Plato discusses the concept of seeking knowledge and gaining wisdom. He uses a story of prisoners trapped into a cave to represent the confines of reality that humans are put into, and a lone prisoner exiting the cave to represent a philosopher seeking a greater understanding. Plato’s writing tells of the flaw that all humans share, which is the fact that we believe our perceptions to be the abs olute, incontestable truth. It is thisRead MoreAnalysis of Platos Allegory of the Cave948 Words   |  4 PagesPlatos Allegory of the Cave Platos Allegory of the Cave is also termed as the Analogy of the Cave, Platos Cave, or the Parable of the Cave. It was used by the Greek philosopher Plato in his work The Republic to illustrate our nature in its education and want of education. It comprises of a fictional dialogue between Platos teacher Socrates and Platos brother Glaucon. Socrates gives a description of a group of people who spent their lifetime facing a blank wall chained to the wall of a caveRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Platos the Allegory of the Cave2111 Words   |  9 PagesEden Scharer Darrin Broadway English III-4 5th December, 2010 From Darkness to Sunlight: An Analysis of the Allegory of the Cave Imagine yourself sitting inside a dark, damp, cave where the only thing you can see are moving shadows on the cave wall in front of you. You can’t move anywhere or see anything besides the shadows, and these are the only things you’ve seen for your entire life, so these moving dark images are the most real things you’ve ever known. At some point in our childhood weRead More Analysis of Platos Allegory of the Cave Essay example995 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Platos Allegory of the Cave Platos Allegory of the Cave presents a vision of humans as slaves chained in front of a fire observing the shadows of things on the cave wall in front of them. The shadows are the only reality the slaves know. Plato argues that there is a basic flaw in how we humans mistake our limited perceptions as reality, truth and goodness. The allegory reveals how that flaw affects our education, our spirituality and our politics. The flaw that PlatoRead MorePlatos The Republic: Analysis of the Chapter Entitled Allegory of the Cave588 Words   |  3 PagesThe Republic comes a chapter entitled â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†.(â€Å"Plato†) Plato’s Allegory of the Cave describes ignorance and the process of enlightenment. The cave symbolizes a prison for the mind. Cave dwellers only know of the one reality presented in the cave, yet it is not reality at all. The cave dwellers are ignorant, knowing only one way and not trying to broaden their minds. Plato uses chains and shackles to represent the mental bondage of the cave dwellers. In spite of the bondage, fewRead MoreAn Analysis of Plato’s Allegory of the Cave and the Importance of Light in Discovering Truth1139 Words   |  5 Pagestranscends the exclusivity of the contemplative and the active lives. He defines the ultimate truth as â€Å"aletheia†, which literally translates to mean â€Å"unhidden† or â€Å"that which does not remain unnoticed†. Through his use of the term and his allegory of the cave, Plato makes the strong implication that philosophers must actively seek to discover the absolute truth, rather than relying on t raditional methods of contemplation and the persuasive tone of rhetoric to prove its existence. To better explainRead More Dantes Inferno Essay888 Words   |  4 Pages Dantes use of allegory in the Inferno greatly varies from Platos quot;Allegory of the Cavequot; in purpose, symbolism, characters and mentors, and in attitude toward the world. An analysis of each of these elements in both allegories will provide an interesting comparison. Dante uses allegory to relate the sinners punishment to his sin, while Plato uses allegory to discuss ignorance and knowledge. Dantes Inferno describes the descent through Hell from the upper level of the opportunists toRead MoreSynthesis of Truman Show and Platos Allegory of the Cave1440 Words   |  6 PagesCritical Analysis of The Truman Show and Platos Allegory of the Cave When The Truman Show was released in 1998, it was just another popular Hollywood flick, but its story is closely related to Platos Allegory of the Cave. The plot line for the movie follows this classic tale in many ways, some more obvious then others. As with most cinematic treachery, the movies similarities are no coincidence. The writers drew from Platos classic because it is such a universal story and is something

Essay about Modern Technology Are We Too Dependent

Modern Technology Are We Too Dependent? Internet and television, the twenty-first century has become consumed by these two relatively new forms of media. Devoting more time to one or both of these two creations than ever before, the American public is rapidly coming in from the outdoors and finding the technological marvels of the twenty-first century. Now more than ever television and internet are a major part of people’s lives. The American Society is straying away from their roots as a nature loving community and becoming a community dependent on technology. If comparing stories told by my father about his childhood to those of mine, just one generation apart, drastic differences would be seen. Stories told by my father were†¦show more content†¦Not only is this survey saying that children watch tremendous amounts a television per week, but it is also saying that as generations pass children are becoming more and more dependent on television for entertainment. After I conducted the first survey I became very interested that there might be more differences in the consumption of technology between the generations. So in a subsequent survey conducted using the same persons I obtained some very interesting data. For my first question I asked â€Å"What is the average number of hours spent per week watching T.V.?† I was surprised by the results: In the 40+ age group: 50% watched an average of 7-8 hours per week 50% watched an average of 9-10 hours per week In the 15-25 age group: 14% watched an average of 1-2 hours per week 14% watched an average of 5-6 hours per week 43% watched an average of 7-8 hours per week 29% watched an average of 10+ hours per week I noticed that the highest averages for both groups were at the 7-8 hour increment. It seems from this data that both age groups had settled on about the same amount of television watching per week. My next question moved into the area of the internet and computers. I asked, â€Å"What is the averageShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Technology874 Words   |  4 PagesModern humanity can hardly imagine life without technology. Technologies have become an integral part of people’s lives. Every day, people invent new devices or improve the existing ones. Humanity differs by their attitudes to new inventions. Some people believe that sophisticated gadgets are actually useful and necessary, while others concentrate on the negative impact on people and their lives. Similar technologies are specially created for performing the hardest and most monotonous work. EvenRead MoreSociety s Dependence On Technology1244 Words   |  5 Pages11- Period 1 2 October 2015 Society’s Dependency On Technology Today, technology is a ruling factor among our society. Technology is involved in every aspect of our lives. Our dependence on technology has been taken to a whole other level, we are now incredibly dependent on technology. We may be too dependent on technology, but our dependence does not necessarily impact us in negative ways. II. Some say the increasing need for technology, specifically social media, causes social isolationRead MoreEssay on People Have Become Overly Dependent on Technology880 Words   |  4 PagesBilguun Tugs-Amgalan Everett LeGrande English 1 5/April/2011 People have become overly dependent on technology Humans have been called the animals which make things, and at no time in history has this been so obvious as the present. Today, every human activity is dependent upon various tools, machines, and systems, from growing food to providing shelter to communication, healthcare, and entertainment. Some machines, like the tractor, speed up and make more efficient activities that humans haveRead MoreWhat We Should Consider: Should Technology Be Used in the Classrooms?771 Words   |  4 PagesWelcome to the Digital Age, where we choose not to benefit from the endless access to information within the reach of our fingertips provided by the technology we ourselves have worked hard to institute, and instead choose to obliterate our brains by redefining procrastination, losing our ability to think, and watching cat videos on YoutTube. It is foreseeable that the magnificent monster, technology, will consume society, (if it hasn’t done so already) which may have intense negative impacts o nRead MoreModern Technology965 Words   |  4 Pageslife or death. So it is with modern technology. The purpose of technology should be reserved for the advancement of civilization. Technology should help us accomplish life s tasks faster; with less error and greater accuracy. In most cases it serves its purpose. For instance, when researching a cure for a disease like cancer the internet is a great tool. However, this same tool makes pornographic material more available than ever. At the end of the day, the technology will help you do what you wantRead MoreComputer Dependency and Addiction Essays646 Words   |  3 Pages and are very useful in everyday life, but they create distractions, which just makes us stay closer to computer rather than from the computer. In our modern day world, computers have absolute importance all around us, at work, at schools, at malls etc. It is impossible to run away from the devices and we’ve become so attached on it that we can’t do things on our own now. For example, say you were doing some homework and you couldn’t figure out the answer, instead of trying to understand theRead MoreMobile Phone and People1469 Words   |  6 PagesTERM PAPER The production and sale of cigarettes should be made illegal. People have become overly dependent on technology. University students should pass the English proficiency test before graduation Argumentative Essay : People have become overly dependent on technology. Topic: People have become overly dependent on technology 1. Introduction (paragraph 1) A.Hook: Computer, hand phones, Internet, and latest gadgets such as GPStacking devices are not anymore unusual thing in our  dailyRead MoreAre we too Dependent on Computers?1091 Words   |  4 PagesToday we live in a modern age where technological development is one of the greatest gifts to humanity. Technology is the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a pre-existing solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function (Wikipedia). It also refer to the collection of such tools, including machinery, modifications, arrangementsRead MoreThe Importance Of Technology1333 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology has changed our way of life in a wide variety of ways. Everywhere we go, there is a touch of technology: starting from brushing of teeth in the morning to going to sleep at night. Technology has played a ve ry significant role in modernizing and comforting our life by influencing our methods of thinking and communicating, our purpose of living, and by allowing us to go about the different processes of our day-to-day life in a more efficient manner. As the advancement of technology continuesRead MorePeoples Overdependence on Technology1467 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Introduction The relevance of technology in the modern world cannot be overstated. However, there have been concerns that the world is becoming over-dependent on technology as it seeks to embrace technological advancement and innovation going forward. Indeed, the question many keep asking is; is our reliance on technology going too far? This text concerns itself with peoples over-dependence upon technology. Peoples Over-dependence upon Technology It is important to note from the onset that

Comparison of London by William Blake and Lines Composed...

Comparison of London by William Blake and Lines Composed upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth Earth has nothing to show more fair, taken from William Wordsworths Lines composed upon Westminster Bridge, could not be more of a contrast to the way William Blake describes what he sees in his poem London. William Wordsworth and William Blake both wrote their poems within a very similar time, yet they are completely different in all aspects. Lines composed upon Westminster bridge by William Blake describes London as the most beautiful place in the world yet London by William Blake could not be more different. Blake wrote London in 1794. Immediately by the title you think bright†¦show more content†¦They worked long hard hours and had no education; it could be described as a malnourished job. This adds a lot of negativity to the poem in an effective way. Blake also chooses to write about the hapless soldiers sigh, which can be seen to represent young men fighting, and dying pointlessly, wasting their lives. He starts this line with the word And expressing that there are more negative things to come, there are many of them. Blake chooses to write about young people and what he sees, as they are the next generation, but they all live very poor lives which shows there is not much hope for the future. Blake describes the church as the blackening church appals. Normally a church would be described in a good way yet Blake sees it negatively describing the church as blackening which is usually associated with mourning, death and funerals. Blake sees the church in a bad way, a huge institution that you had to go to, yet they did nothing to help these poor people that he has been describing. At the end of the first verse you may think that this may be the end of all the negativity but there is more to come. Blake brings another character in to his poem, the youthful harlots curse. Here Blake chooses to write about aShow MoreRelatedComparison Between â€Å"London† by William Blake and â€Å"Composed Upon Westminster Bridge† by William Wordsworth850 Words   |  4 PagesComparison between â€Å"London† by William Blake and â€Å"Composed Upon Westminster Bridge† by William Wordsworth The city of London has inspired many poets throughout the ages. Two of the most distinctive portrayals are William Blake’s â€Å"London† published in Songs of Experience in 1974 and â€Å"Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802† by William Wordsworth. While both Blake and Wordsworth comment on the conflict between appearance and reality, Blake shows the gloomy ugliness by taking down London’sRead MoreLondon by William Blake and Upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth1327 Words   |  6 PagesLondon by William Blake and Upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth This essay aims to compare and contrast the differences and similarities between the two poems London and Upon Westminster Bridge. They both create powerful, contrasting images but are both similar in the use of language and exaggeration. The first poem to be commented upon is London by William Blake, written a couple of decades before the second poem written by William Wordsworth. WilliamRead MoreA Comparison of Poems About London Essay488 Words   |  2 PagesA Comparison of Poems About London London, by William Blake, and William Wordsworths untitled poem, composed on Westminster Bridge, are two different poems written with different styles and techniques to portray their feelings towards London. They are both written in the romantic era and are very passionate in the way they convey their (as both are written in first person) differing opinions on London. Wordsworths sonnet shows all the positive points and that in

Revenge in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights Free Essays

Wuthering Heights – Revenge Emily Bronte, who never had the benefit of former schooling, wrote Wuthering Heights. Bronte has been declared as a â€Å"romantic rebel† because she ignored the repressive conventions of her day and made passion part of the novelistic tradition. Unlike stereotypical novels, Wuthering Heights has no true heroes or villains. We will write a custom essay sample on Revenge in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights or any similar topic only for you Order Now The narration of the story is very unique and divergent because there are multiple narrators. Bronte’s character Lockwood is used to narrate the introductory and concluding sections of the novel whereas Nelly Dean narrates most of the storyline. It’s interesting that Nelly Dean is used because of her biased opinions. There are many major themes of the book, but revenge is the most imminent theme, the factor that leads the protagonists to their dismal fate. Bronte proves there is no peace in eternal vengeance, and in the end self-injury involved in serving revenge’s purposes will be more damaging than the original wrong. Heathcliff never finds peace through his revenge. In fact, the only time he truly finds happiness is when he gives up his plan for retaliation. Austin O’Malley states   â€Å"Revenge is like biting a dog that bit you†Ã‚   (O’malley 1). O’Malley’s quote reflects Heathcliff’s immature need to propagate agony in those who have offended him. Heathcliff’s plan for revenge on Edgar and Catherine is to marry Isabella, who is ignorant of love and of men because she has never experienced either. He wants to hurt Edgar because of his marriage to Catherine, and he wants to get revenge on Catherine by making her jealous. Catherine’s death proves that this flawed plan of repayment helps nothing. Heathcliff, haunted by the ghost of Catherine because he is her â€Å"murderer,† still is motivated by the need for revenge and tries to get young Cathy away from Edgar by having her marry his son, Linton. Heathcliff never finds peace until he gives up his plan for revenge just before he dies. When Heathcliff gives up his plan for revenge, he meets Catherine in death and truly becomes happy once more. Catherine’s revenge does not make things better for her. Her   revenge on Heathcliff by blaming him for her upcoming death does not meliorate her mind. Just before she dies, she ascribes Heathcliff for her â€Å"murder.   Ã‚   â€Å"You have killed me, and thriven on it, I think† (Bronte 158). Catherine resembles what Oliver Goldsmith said,   â€Å"When lovely woman stoops to folly, and finds too late that men betray, what charm can soothe her melancholy? What art can wash her guilt away? The only art her guilt to cover, To hide her shame from every eye, To give repentance to her lover, And wring his bosom, is–to die† (Oliver Goldsmith 1). Catherine’s death is caused by her lack of emotional control and her dual personalities. She and Heathcliff â€Å"are† each other (Bronte 80), but her wants of social status and popularity draw her toward Edgar (Bronte 78). She does not love Edgar, but her selfish material wants control her. Catherine’s revenge on Heathcliff does not assist her in finding happiness. She looks forward to dying and is   â€Å"wearying to escape into that glorious world† (Bronte 160). Her death is, however, miserable as she wanders around the earth as a waif for 20 years occasionally visiting Heathcliff and torturing him. Just as Heathcliff and Catherine’s revenge make them miserable, Hindley’s revenge on Heathcliff causes him to go bankrupt and eventually die. Hindley’s attempt to kill Heathcliff only hurts himself in the process;   it proves the point Isabella makes, â€Å"Treachery and violence are spears pointed at both ends; they wound those who resort to them worse than their enemies† (Bronte 177). The fact that Hindley is mistreated as a child reflects the built up anger and resentment inside him and towards others. The hurt that Hindley feels is clearly understood, but sympathy for Hindley is only temporary because it is still his own fault for his predicaments. Hindley’s loss of Wuthering Heights to Heathcliff and his mysterious death reflect how revenge does not make anything better, only worse. Bronte corroborates that revenge is not only a harsh and rash way to live life, but is counter-productive and hurtful. Out of all of her major themes, revenge is the most imminent. The self-hurt involved with vengeance shows there are better ways to solve conflicts. Bronte sends a great message across by showing how negative revenge can be. There is no solution to obeying the spontaneous reaction of this negative reprisal. How to cite Revenge in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, Papers

The Manual Method compered to ICT Free Essays

I did not have to use any form of computer of ICT equipment to do this task, as it could have been done by hand. To do this I would take a piece of paper and pencil and draw the company logo and either by freehand, or with the use of stencils could have written out all of the information required and then included the vacancy details. To keep a track of the staff wages and production situation I could have used a card for each position. We will write a custom essay sample on The Manual Method compered to ICT or any similar topic only for you Order Now This would keep all of the job details including: shift times and rates of pay etc. I could use an adding machine to calculate pay, tax and national insurance etc. This manual system would be very time consuming considering the staff wages needs to be recalculated on a regular basis. THE BENEFITS OF ICT The use of ICT is of great benefit for this type of system as once the details are created for the first time they can be used over and over again. This can be done by saving the original spreadsheet and pay slip template then recalling it each time it has to be used. The spread sheet and pay slip can be updated easily by adding, removing or changing information. No need to start all over again each time a week, no need for a rubber or correction fluid if you make a mistake or want to delete information. I have the use of tools such as spelling or grammar checking, I can easily experiment with different size and shape of typeface, I can use colour, clipart, boarders, word-art, tables and frames to make the pay slip easier to read. By using a spreadsheet, similar features as above can be used for adding, changing and deleting information. The uses of formulas help with calculations these are redone automatically each time workers details might change. For example the user would not have to recalculate the total pay or the number of hours worked or garments produced, if job roles changed or wages went up or down, income tax and national insurance can change at least on a yearly basis. Spreadsheets are used as modelling tools to make predictions. For example, as manager could see the over all cost of the company staffing if there was to be a 3% pay rise or pay cut for all of the staff, or if they were to increase or decrease the piece rate for the number garments produced. If a manager had to make a report about these predictions he or she could use the chart functions within the spreadsheet to create a graphical of these situations. ICT has made great steps in the communication of information, files can be sent and received by e-mail instantaneously. Data can be passed around a network for other users to access or the system could be placed on a disk or CD-ROM, which could be used to keep it safe or to pass it to other places or sites. How to cite The Manual Method compered to ICT, Papers

T.S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land” Essay Sample free essay sample

Eliot imparts to us the Grail quest’s influence on â€Å"The Waste Land† in the notes: â€Å"Not merely the rubric. but the program and a good trade of the incidental symbolism of the verse form were suggested by Miss Jessie L. Weston’s book on the Grail fable: From Ritual to Romance ( Macmillan ) . Indeed. so profoundly am I indebted. Miss Weston’s book will clarify the troubles of the verse form much better than my notes can make ; and I recommend it ( apart from the great involvement of the book itself ) to any who think such elucidation of the verse form worth the problem. † Indeed. much of the verse form reflects the narrative of the Grail quest itself ; when confronted with a comfortable land turned into waste as a consequence of the wounding or sick wellness of the Fisher King who presides over the land. a hero begins a pursuit which finally must reconstruct the male monarch to wellness in order to â€Å"free the waters† ( R2R ) and reconstruct the land itself. As the hero must mend this desolate barren which was one time a happy and lively topographic point. so excessively are traces of happier times distressingly remembered among devastation and desperation throughout â€Å"The Waste Land. † seen even in the gap of the verse form: â€Å"April is the barbarous month. genteelnessLilacs out of the dead land. blendingMemory with desire. stirringDull roots with spring rain. † Eliot instantly declares April–a month by and large associated with sorely missed heat. regeneration. life. and beauty–the barbarous month. stirring life in an otherwise dead land and thereby raising painful memories of a happier and more comfortable clip which one can non assist but lose and want deeply when confronted with a hint of it. Eliot goes on to claim that â€Å"Winter kept us warm. covering/Earth in unretentive snow. † proposing that at least when the land was absolutely dead it left its dwellers numb to the hurting of what they’d lost. Still other happy memories haunt the land that has now turned into waste ; Eliot writes of a surprising summer lavishing the dwellers of the land in rain–an image itself which implies life. prosperity. and regeneration–causing people to halt in the colonnade. imbibe java. and speak for an hr. Still Eliot has the talker recount pleasant childhood memories of â€Å"staying at the archduke’s† and traveling sleighing. declaring. â€Å"In the mountains. there you feel free. † These warm and affectionate contemplations on unworried young person base in contrast to the speaker’s current. deadened life. which involves reading â€Å"much of the night† and traveling â€Å"south in the winter. † and mirror the land in the Grail legend’s happy. comfortable society turning into a barren. particularly when sing the versions of the narrative which involve the Fisher King enduring from extreme. blowing old age which must be restored to y outh if the land is to be healed. Other traces of a healthy. happy past appear still in â€Å"The Waste Land. † doing its current province of decease and devastation even darker in comparing. In The Fire Sermon. after detecting that â€Å"the river’s collapsible shelter is broken† and â€Å"the nymphs are departed. † the talker requests that the river Thames â€Å"run softly† until his vocal is ended. He comments that â€Å"The River bears no empty bottles. sandwich documents.Silk hankies. composition board boxes. coffin nail terminalsOr other testimony of summer darks. † While the talker expects to see marks of life and hints of happy. carefree. enjoyable summer darks shared by people at the riverbank. the talker sees nil at all apart from the river itself and is cognizant of merely the air current traversing â€Å"the brown land. unheard. † What he finds alternatively is an empty. dead scene. made eerier by the lively things that used to take topographic point at that place. and made eerier and more desolate still by being marked with â€Å"the rattling of bones† and a rat dragging â€Å"its slimy belly on the bank. † It is clear that this topographic point has non ever been this manner ; instead. it was one time a happy scene that has since sickened and turned to waste. Not merely have lively topographic points been turned into barrens. but the people and their relationships. which might one time hold been pleasant and promising. have turned barren every bit good. Such relationships between work forces and adult females in â€Å"The Waste Land. † particularly 1s that involve sexual disfunction. mirror the Grail fable in which the Fisher King’s lesion consequences in sexual powerlessness and the ultimate cachexia of the land. In a subdivision of The Burial of the Dead. the talker remembers a adult female he calls â€Å"the hyacinth girl† walking with him from the Hyacinth garden. her hair moisture and her weaponries full of flowers. These images doubtless harken back to a clip when flowers. H2O. and life were a portion of a happy and lively society ; [ so. even the talker remembers himself as dumbfounded and unable to talk at the clip. feeling as though by looking at this miss he was â€Å"looking into the bosom of visible radia tion. † ] Such memories. declarative mood of both actual life and the animation of people and their connexions to one another. have now given manner to a desert waste. a land missing in H2O ( What the Thunder Said ) and thereby missing in life and the felicity associated with life and prosperity. and a land missing in meaningful and promising connexions between people. Whereas the hyacinth miss was enchanting. go forthing the talker in The Burial of the Dead dumb in a manner that floored him and made him experience as though he were â€Å"looking into the bosom of visible radiation. † the talker in A Game of Chess finds himself interchanging few words with his female opposite number non because he is amazed by her but because he is weary of her and her ailments. The adult female tries urgently to discourse with him and inspire concern in him. claiming that her â€Å"nerves are bad to-night† and bespeaking that he remain with her. When she additions no response. she grapples betwe en biding him and demanding that he answer to her: â€Å"Speak to me. Why do you neer speak. Speak.â€Å"What are you believing of? What believing? What?â€Å"I neer know what you are believing. Think. † Still she continues. inquiring him to explicate noises she is hearing to which he frustratedly answers that the noises are â€Å"The air current under the door† and so â€Å"Nothing once more nil. † When she asks him urgently what she shall make. what they shall make tomorrow. and. eventually. what they shall of all time make. he replies at last with a humdrum list of activities. Their being and relationship can be considered a barren itself of kinds as they are steeped in humdrum and sadness. a clearly hard-pressed married woman seeking urgently to pass on and portion her life with with a hubby whom has no forbearance or desire to pass on with her. Another waste and peculiarly sexually dysfunctional relationship is described in A Game of Chess between a adult female named Lil and her hubby Albert. Amid calls of a barman. a friend of Lil chides her for non holding used the money Albert gave her â€Å"to acquire yourself some dentitions. † She insists that he won’t â€Å"bear to look at her. † that â€Å"he wants a good clip. /And if you don’t give it him. there’s others will. † She goes on to name Lil â€Å"antique† and insists that if Albert does travel off with other adult females. â€Å"it won’t be for deficiency of stating. † Lil indignantly replies that her province has been brought on by medicine she took to â€Å"bring it off. † proposing that she induced an abortion. to which her friend answers. â€Å"What you get married for if you don’t want kids? † The barrenness of the relationship between Lil and Albert and its sexual disfunction is evident ; Lil has become so unwanted to Albert that he might be unfaithful to her upon his return from the ground forces. Furthermore. their sexual relationship and ability to partake in the regeneration of life themselves has been stunted if non wholly destroyed both by Lil about deceasing â€Å"of immature George† and by her self-medicated abortion of a subsequent gestation. They represent a barren of a relationship. waste. lifeless. unhappy. unable ( or unwilling ) to renew and make new life. and thereby reminiscent of the Fisher King whose wounding and sexual powerlessness or inability to renew has caused the land itself to neglect to give life. turning alternatively to waste. Still other illustrations of waste and sexually dysfunctional relationships harvest up in Eliot’s verse form. In The Fire Sermon. Tiresias. an â€Å"old adult male with wrinkly female chests. † connoting that he has lived life as both a adult female and a adult male. perceives a scene in which a â€Å"small house agent’s clerk† engages a adult female â€Å"in caresses/Which still are unreproved. if unsought. † The adult female is described as seting up â€Å"no defence† or â€Å"response† to his â€Å"exploring custodies. † indifferent to his progresss. When he eventually coatings and foliages. she merely briefly thinks on the affair. a â€Å"half-formed thought† which claims â€Å" ‘Well now that’s done. and I’m glad it’s over. ’ † Again. Eliot describes a waste and deadened relationship. strictly sexual in nature but non needfully reciprocally so. and therefore lifeless and non r egenerative. The woman’s indifference to the man’s brief sexual progresss is itself reminiscent of a barren ; her deficiency of response or attention to what should be a lively and regenerative act suggests a kind of cold numbness like â€Å"forgetful snow. † Apart from the analogues between the waste land of the Grail fable and the waste land of Eliot’s heroic poem verse form. the influence of From Ritual to Woo on â€Å"The Waste Land† runs deeper. Weston’s book efforts to turn out the theory that the Grail pursuit is neither strictly folkloric or Christian in nature. but instead cobbled together from a figure of different beginnings. the most compelling of which are the nature cults with their ancient flora rites. rites which portion undeniable similarities with facets of the Grail quest. Merely as the Grail fable was informed by myriad inside informations of past civilizations finally melding to make this celebrated narrative. so excessively was Eliot’s heroic poem verse form non strictly his ain. but instead informed by past and outstanding plants of literature. Fragments of these literary plants appear throughout â€Å"The Waste Land. † working both as a parallel to From Ritual to Romance and as a manner to adhere Eliot’s heroic poem verse form into the timeline of celebrated literary civilization. paying court to past plants of art while at the same time set uping himself as a member of that timeline. an thought which Eliot demonstrates his grasp for in his essay â€Å"Tradition and the Individual Talent† : â€Å"The historical sense compels a adult male to compose non simply with his ain coevals in his castanetss. but with a feeling that the whole of the literature†¦ . of his ain state has a coincident being and composes a coincident order. This historical sense. which is a sense of the timeless every bit good as of the temporal†¦ . is what makes a writer traditional. And it is at the same clip what makes a author most acutely witting of his topographic point in clip. † Present in the Grail pursuit are the influence of antediluvian texts and rites dating back to even the Rig-Veda texts in which anthem are strikingly similar to the ‘Freeing of the Waters. ’ or the Restoration of rivers and therefore the healing of the land. which takes topographic point in the Grail fable. Indeed. the wounding of the Fisher King ensuing in the cachexia of the land can be traced back to an ancient flora rite. that of the rite of Adonis which involves cosmopolitan mourning for the god’s hurt or decease which would ensue in the suspension â€Å"of the generative energy of the God upon whose virile activity vegetable life straight. and human life indirectly. depended† ( Weston Tammuz and Adonis ) and subsequently the rejoicing of his Resurrection. Such of import fragments of antediluvian. past civilizations feed into and act upon the Grail fable piece at the same clip allowing it stand entirely as a important and historical work–it is ex actly this balance of tradition and the single endowment that Eliot thought indispensable for an writer to hold and is arguably what he attempted to accomplish in composing his heroic poem verse form. make fulling it with allusions and fragmental plants while still utilizing his ain voice to state â€Å"the narrative of the folk. † In â€Å"Tradition and the Individual Talent. † Eliot makes still clearer a belief that the best parts of a work. doing it single and worthy of the literary timeline. might be that which has been profoundly influenced by other plants before it. connoting that a piece ( or an writer ) will profit and maturate most by feeding off of other groundbreaking work: â€Å"One of the facts that might come to illume in this procedure is our inclination to take a firm stand. when we praise a poet. upon those facets of his work in which he least resembles anyone else†¦ . we pretend to happen what is single. what is the curious kernel of the adult male. We dwell with satisfaction upon the poet’s difference from his predecessors. particularly his immediate predecessors†¦ . Whereas if we approach a poet without this bias we shall frequently happen that non merely the best. but the most single parts of his work may be those in which the dead poets. his ascendants. assert their immortality most smartly. † It can be said that Eliot surely made it one of his purposes to accomplish this sort of traditional individualism non merely by analyzing â€Å"The Waste Land† in its concluding signifier. but besides by analyzing parts of â€Å"The Waste Land† that were finally rejected. Eliot had originally intended to open his heroic poem poem non with the celebrated â€Å"April is the cruelest month† line. but instead with an extra subdivision entitled â€Å"He Do the Police in Different Voices. † a line taken straight from a Charles Dickens novel. This subdivision was written in an incredibly colloquial manner that stood apart from Eliot’s more precise and rational poetry. its linguistic communication less heightened and more accessible. connoting its talker as an mundane. unworldly adult male merely stating a narrative. get downing with â€Å"First we had a twosome of antennas down at Tom’s place/There was old Tom. boiled to the eyes. blind. † Th e subdivision feels as though it’s in action. invariably traveling from event to event. heightening the narrative feel with lines like â€Å"The following thing we were out in the street. Oh was it cold! † and â€Å"Then we thought we’d breeze along and take a walk. /Then we lost Steve† and finally stoping with â€Å"So I got out to see the dawn. and walked place. † This stream-of-consciousness narrative seems different from the remainder of Eliot’s work because it was non wholly single but instead straight influenced by Joyce’s Ulysses. a book which Eliot held to be a extremely important and groundbreaking work of literature. a point he emphasizes in his essay â€Å"Ulysses† : â€Å"I hold [ Ulysses ] to be the most of import look which the present age has found ; it is a book to which we are all indebted. and from which none of us can escape†¦ . it has given me all the surprise. delectation. and panic that I can necessitate. and I will go forth it at that. † Eliot even goes on to commend the book’s â€Å"parallel usage of the Odyssey† as holding â€Å"great importance† like that of a â€Å"scientific find. † once more remembering his stance on the great importance of the balance of tradition and single endowment. declaring. â€Å"In utilizing the myth. in pull stringsing a uninterrupted analogue between modernity and antiquity. Mr. Joyce is prosecuting a method which others must prosecute after him. † Eliot’s ain effort to copy Joyce’s Ulysses. so. was about more than merely the style–he was besides trying to copy Joyce’s usage of other plants to make his ain. While this subdivision finally did non look in the finished version of â€Å"The Waste Land. † that Eliot wrote it is still important. particularly when sing the rubric ; â€Å"He Do the Police in Different Voices† was something he was seeking to do–emulate the voices of others in his ain work. While some of Eliot’s efforts at court to works that came before his ain were cast aside. there were surely a immense sum of other allusions and direct quotation marks that did do it into the verse form. solidifying this balance between other voices and Eliot’s ain voice. Indeed. even the epigraph which opens â€Å"The Waste Land† is taken straight from a Latin text called Satyricon written in the Middle Ages [ source/expansion on this ] . [ material about verse form being riddled with fragments/quotes etc. ]Another fragment of past civilization. this one based on Greek mythology ( and hence reminiscent of the congratulations Eliot heaped on Joyce for utilizing the myth of the Odyssey in Ulysses ) . appears in II. A Game of Chess. After depicting at length the scene in which this subdivision takes topographic point. Eliot mentions a mantle which shows â€Å"The alteration of Philomel. by the brutal male monarchSo impolitely forced ; yet there the Luscinia megarhynchosFilled all the desert with inviolable voiceAnd still she cried. and still the word pursues.‘Jug Jug’ to soil ears. † This transition is straight based on the Grecian myth in which a adult female named Philomel is raped by the male monarch Tereus in the forests. who later cuts out her lingua so that she will be unable to state of his misbehavior. Because of the horrors she suffers. she is turned into a nightingale. everlastingly singing Tereus’s name in plaintive and accusative plaint [ citation ] . The nightingale remains symbolic to this twenty-four hours of mourning and darkness. and her continued visual aspect throughout â€Å"The Waste Land† in the signifier of a discorporate voice naming â€Å"Jug jug jug jug jug† and â€Å"Tereu† makes the presence of tradition and myth strong in Eliot’s work while adding to the hopeless waste land that the verse form portrays. In seeing how extremely Eliot regarded the emulation and blending of other culturally of import plants. it could be argued that portion of his regard for From Ritual to Romance and determination to allow it act upon his ain heroic poem verse form stemmed from its averment that the Grail fable itself. a historically and culturally of import and dateless literary work. was informed by fragments of of import civilization. Partss of it that might hold been considered single by some ( the wounding of the Fisher King ensuing in the cachexia of the land. the ways in which the land was healed. etc. ) were. in fact. straight informed by culturally important history that came before it. Its similarities to Ulysses. a book Eliot extremely revered. are important in the sense that it excessively is a dateless work non created out of nil but alternatively founded on history and past civilization. As Eliot greatly respected this construct of balance. it would do sense that among the other grounds t hat drew him to From Ritual to Romance. raising in him the desire to parallel his ain heroic poem verse form to that of the quest. the thought of the Grail fable as perpetuating this balance and solidifying its topographic point in the timeline would besides pull him and do his desire to happen that balance himself that much greater.

Soul Music Essay free essay sample

Outline and describe the development of Soul and Rap Music, including influential artists and songwriters, and the influence of this genre on the development of Afro-American Music. You are to write an essay based on your research, with particular reference to the two designated works by Marvin Gaye and Tupac. Soul music is a mixture of gospel with rhythm and blues. Although soul developed much earlier than 1950, it first gained popularity within the late 1950s and came to be called soul jazz which self-consciously used melodic figures or riffs derived from gospel music or folk blues. Soul has its roots in African-American culture and first made its appearance in the United States. Although soul music was a blend of gospel rhythms, it had appeared more secular rather than having a religious message. Soul music is highly moving, and the type of rhythms allows soul singers to display a range of emotions in their performances. We will write a custom essay sample on Soul Music Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The characteristics within this genre may include the following: * Use of Melismas * Melodic ornamentation * Rhythmic complexity * Use of horn sections * Improvised vocal styles * Harmonised backing vocals * Minimised back beat Use of hand instruments such as finger snaps and/or hand claps * Use of call and response * Instruments from the Jazz Genre * Call and response Marvin Gaye was born in Washington, D. C. on April 2nd, 1939 and died on 1st April, 1984. Marvin Gaye was named after his father, a minister of the Apostolic Church. Marvin would sing in his father’s church before he sang with Motown. The spiritual influence of his early years played a big role throughout his musical career. Marvin Gaye was raised with strict control of his father, Reverend Marvin Gaye Snr. Marvin Gaye would often find peace within music during his childhood. He mastered the piano at a young age and also the drums. Marvin Gaye had an extraordinary range that spanned three vocal styles. In 1970, he was inspired by escalating violence and political unrest over the Vietnam War, Gaye wrote the song â€Å"What’s Going On†. With the success of this single, it inspired Gaye to take even more risks, both musically and politically. Gaye struggled with substance abuse and depression. Marvin Gaye Snr shot and killed his son after a physical argument. Gaye evolved a new musical style that influenced a generation of African American performers. What’s Going On by Marvin Gaye was released on January 17, 1971 and was recorded on June 10, 1970 – September 1970. The lyrical content of this song included references to the incident bloody Thursday. The instruments that Gaye includes are: * Male Vocals with backing vocals * Drums * Piano * Saxophone – Alto Sax * Synthesiser – strings * Horn/Brass section * Hand instruments This song shows many characteristics that appear within the Soul genre. It includes the call and response of ‘What’s Going On’ and Wall of sound is included. The features that made this piece so successful was the fact that the song focused on major seventh and minor seventh chords, and was orientated in sounds by jazz, gospel and classical music. The form of this song is typical within the genre because it is in verse-chorus (strophic based) form. The outline of this song What’s Going On is: Intro – Verse I – Verse II – Chorus – Verse III. Rap music / hip-hop genre originated in the mid 1970s among African American and Hispanic performers in New York City. Rap is known for talking rapidly, rhythmically, vividly, and boastfully. In the late 1970s, young DJs discovered that they could borrow and sample excerpts of recordings, and stitch then together to make a new song. Rappers would compete come up with wittier and more rebellious lyrics. Characteristics of Rap Music include: * Rhythm is synonymous and there is always a constant beat that rap songs have. * Influence – notably racism, police brutality, drugs and gang violence * Rhythmic beat: 44 time signature. Strong on bass line * Has a steady beat * Spoken lyrical line * Melismas Tupac Shakur, an American Rapper, was born in New York on 16th June 1971 and died on 13th September 1996. Tupac was shot after attending a Mike Tyson boxing Match which he was killed by an east-coast gang in Las Vegas, Nevada. He was only 25 years old at the time of his death. Most of Tupac’s songs were about growing up among violence, racism, hardship in ghettos and other social problems and conflicts with other rappers through the East Coast-West Coast hip hop rivalry. Tupac was the son of a Black Panther activists, and was raised by his mum when he was growing up. Tupac had no contact with his father until he was an adult. He had several arrests for violent offenses in the 1990s. Many of Tupac’s songs are about fights, gangs, and sex. He became well known for his musical talent and violent lyrics. Tupac’s tracks identified that he would insult his enemies (East Coast). Since Tupac’s death, numerous albums has been released, selling millions of copies. Tupac’s complexity of his rhymes made him an influential artist. Changes by Tupac was released on October 13, 1998 and was recorded in 1992. This song makes references to the Black Panther society. This song refers to the opportunity of a Black President of the United States. This song shows all the characteristics of the Genre that appear within this piece.

Human Interactions in the US of the 16

The Middle Ages Analysis Essay Example For Students

The Middle Ages Analysis Essay The Roman Empire geographically established the original concept of a European boundary. With all of its great achievements likeecivil law, politics and literature, the collective willpower of the Roman Empire would eventually degrade over time and give way to new ideas anddinfluences. The empire of Rome did not fall- it fizzled. The Western Roman Empire gave way to the Middle Ages around 476, when the Barbarian,,Odoacer, overthrew the emperor Romulus Augustulus. Other historians give the year 410, when Alaric, king of the Visigoths, sacked Rome. Still,,others say about 500 or even later. In any event this early medieval period is often referred to as the Dark Ages because of the apparent collapse offGreco Roman culture. During this time their was no effective government and no sense of state, just small autonomous tribes and peasanttcommunities. Local life was isolated, fragmented, dreary, illiterate and superstitious.. We will write a custom essay on The Middle Ages Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now For various reasons, Germanic people to the North had long desired to expand into Roman territories perhaps because of pressures from overpopulation, wars, or food shortages.These Barbarians were semi-nomadic tribes led by warrior chiefs. They advanced forcefully against the Empire in the fourth century as the strength and determination of the Roman Empire was being degraded by political decay, civil war, economic problems and social decadence. Various Barbarians such as the Ostrogoth, Vandals, Lombards, Franks, Angles, Saxons and other tribes overcame a disintegrating Roman Empire. The advanced systems of Roman law, culture and government gave way to crude forms of Barbarians. These invaders lacked the ability to continue the achievements in art, literature, and engineering. However, these invaders also brought with them new ideas and traditions that changed Roman culture to a more diverse and defused culture which altered the course and development for later Europe. The Germanic pe ople brought with them their customs and traditions, but the idea that most influenced later Europe was the belief in the rights of the individual. To the Romans the state was more important than the individual. It is from this merging of cultures that the idea of personal rights, the concept of government by the people, and crude but representative law courts emerged. These ideas paved the way for the acceptance of new ideas. This individual thinking allowed for the broad acceptance of Christianity, the most important ingredient that went into the making of Europe. The cultural legacy of Greece and Rome, combined with the new ideas and traditions of the Germanic people was glued together with Christianity. As Germanic minorities mingled with what was left of the Roman population, they created new hybrid societies that would differ in ways that would have great consequences for centuries. How did these various Germanic people assimilate and what kind of governmental and social struc tures developed in these early Middle Ages that would later influence the making of Europe? The answers are numerous and complex, but here are a few underlying basic reasons: Germanic tribes were originally ruled by individuals who were chosen because of their dominance and success in battle. Germanic warriors were modified by their increased exposure to Roman civilization. Barbarian war bands acquired the concept of stratified ranks from the Roman armies they encountered which assisted in the evolution of a class structure. As the most elite acquired land and wealth, social inequalities emerged that would define nobles from peasants in later Europe. German tribes developed regulations or laws that applied to the Romans as well as their own people. For example, the Franks developed the Wergeld Value System where a certain value was placed on every person. Fines were charged for a violation on that person and varied depending on their status. These Barbarian law codes would later evo lve into the Feudal System in Medieval government was a disorganized affair that grew out of Germanic tribal ties of kinship and personal loyalty. Their greatest gains in this transitional period were made for them by their kings. Most kings tried to rule according to Roman law. But, gradually, by a painful process of political pioneering, the kings learned to rule in their own names without the benefit of imperial restrictions. By the end of the sixth century, this Germanic style had totally replaced the Roman administrative system.

What Is Global Warming Essay Sample Essays

What Is Global Warming Essay Sample Essays What Is Global Warming Essay Sample Essay What Is Global Warming Essay Sample Essay Is global warming real Global warming refers to a climatic change characterized by the rise in temperature of the earth climate. it has some severe climatic effect globally with its main casualty being individuals who are affected by drought and famines as well as unprecedented floods. It is caused by the emission of heat-trapping gases such as carbon IV oxide. The gas has a greater risk that is irreversible. Additionally, global warming effects are felt in all part of the world. It leads to the rising of tides in oceans and seas affect the movement of goods and people. It leads to losses counting by industries which import or export their goods along the seas. Additionally, it affects movement of seas creature and growth of sea plants. It leads to changes in climatic rainfall pattern globally which become unpredictable, hence, affecting the economic activities of communities depending on rain for the economic activities. Notably, it changes snow pattern, increases in severe storms and drought, melting of glacial as well as changes in plant and animal behaviour. The effect of the global warming can be stopped through personal, government, and international initiatives aimed at curbing the effect. At a personal level, individuals should ensure that the item they use is environmentally friendly kitchen item as well as gadgets. the efforts can lead to lower level of carbon emissions. For example, they should avoid use traditions Jikos which have to emit more carbon. Further, they should be involved in the planting of more trees which assist in the cleaning of the environment. Governments in their part should take part in making legislation that prevents uses of gases of fuel that emit excessive carbon to the atmosphere. it should discourage excessivepurchase of personal vehicle and instead encourage citizen to shift to buses. it should lay down initiatives that encourage citizens to plant more trees and uses of environmentally friendly fuels which has less effect on the environment. Further, it should encourage industries to fix a scrubber in their industries to ensures that the gas being emitted is filtered. Finally, global entities such as UNEP organise environmental convention aimed at raising initiatives that encourage countries to avoid uses of the green house. they should create world environmental days where all governments should take part in observing. It should lay down standards and levels a country should be as well as a collective action on the most hit part of the world. Conclusively, controlling global warming is significant as it makes the world a safe place for current and future generation. It ensures that the pattern of the world including rainfall and snow pattern is consistent. Individuals should be taken initiatives at their personal level and ensure that whatever they use is environmentally friendly. Governments should pass legislation that safeguards or environment while global organs should conduct convention which promotes the use of eco-friendly gadgets as well as undertaking activities which are environmentally friendly. Therefore, individuals, government, and international organisation should play a major role in ensuring that the environment is safe.

Setting a Purpose for Motivated Reading

Setting a Purpose for Motivated Reading Setting a purpose for reading helps keep students focused and engaged while reading, and gives them a mission so that comprehension can be reinforced. Reading with purpose motivates children and helps students who tend to rush, take their time reading so they wont skip over key elements in the text. Here are a few ways teachers can set a purpose for reading, as well as teach their students how to set their own purpose. How to Set a Purpose for Reading As the teacher, when you set a purpose for reading be specific. Here are a few prompts: Read until you get to the part where so and so did this.Stop reading until you find out about so and so.Read until you discover___.Read until you find out where the story takes place.Close the book when you figure out the problem in the story. After students have completed your task you can help build comprehension by asking them to do a few quick activities. Here are a few suggestions: Draw a picture of what they think will happen next in the story.Create a concept map recording elements in the story.Write down a problem they discovered while reading the story.Ask critical thinking questions, such as What the solution to the problem in the story?...What is the purpose of this book?....What is the author trying to accomplish?...What issues arise in the story?Retell the story in your own words with a partner.Compare how the characters have changed throughout the story. Teach Students How to Set Their Own Purpose for Reading Before teaching students how to set a purpose for what they are reading make sure they understand that a purpose drives the choices they make while they are reading. Guide students into how to set a purpose by telling them the following three things. You can read to perform a task, such as specific directions. For example, read until you meet the main character in the story.You can read for pure enjoyment.You can read to learn new information. For example, if you wanted to learn about bears. After students decide what their purpose for reading is then they can select a text. After the text is selected you can show students before, during, and after reading strategies that match their purpose for reading. Remind students that as they read they should refer back to their main purpose. Checklist for Reading Purposes Here are a few tips, questions, and statements students should be thinking about before, during, and after reading a text. Before Reading: What do I already know about the topic?What can I expect to learn?Skim the book to find out what I will be learning. During Reading: Pause during reading to reflect upon what was just read. Try to link it to something you already know.Do I understand what I just read?Place a sticky note next to any question, unfamiliar word, or comment you would like to share in the text. After Reading: Reread any passages that confused you.Go over your sticky notes.Summarize in your head what you have just read.

Hitler's Death Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hitler's Death - Term Paper Example Speculations, arguments, doubts and questions arose regarding the validity of the death of the most famous dictator to date, Adolf Hitler. Different analysis were conducted and different results were obtained from these studies the issue still had been going on for a while until the skull fragment was displayed in Moscow a little over a decade ago. Although it may seem still a little vague to some today, it is no longer a question whether Hitler is dead or alive but just the truth behind his death. Considering his recorded condition before the 30th of April in 1945, he would unlikely survive a decade after that. So whether he escaped from the ruins of Berlin or not, he is, for the lack of better term, ‘dead’, by now. Some historians doubted Hitler’s death and suggested that the Nazis orchestrated propaganda to make the Fuehrer a hero. The US also doubted the dictator’s death and speculated the he may have escaped from Berlin in 1945 and did not take his own life. These doubts were caused by the unclear showcasing of facts and mismatching data in the past. These speculation and arguments just settled when the skull fragment with a hole caused by a gunshot was put on display in Moscow in 2000.

The influence of mass media in the american election Research Proposal

The influence of mass media in the american election - Research Proposal Example The US mass media concentrates almost exclusively on elections during the presidential election year. Several television channels are wont to support one or other presidential aspirant. Traditionally, Fox News and the National Review have supported the Conservative point of view, whereas the Liberal ideology has been promoted by MSNBC (Quinn). The use of exit polls by the media to predict winners in elections, on the basis of whom voters say they had voted for in the elections, subsequent to casting their vote has resulted in considerable controversy. These estimates are generally made on the basis of marginal differences in the stated number of votes. Such predictions have the effect of influencing persons who have yet to exercise their franchise (Mass Media Play Important Role in U.S. Elections). The general view is that television channels do not provide accurate political information to their viewers. Some people argue that TV channels have failed to provide their viewers with correct information. However, this notion is not correct; because several studies in this area have revealed that TV news channels reach a broader section of the populace, in respect of political issues, than newspapers. More importantly, during election times, TV channels provide accurate information about candidates; and clarify at length the ideological and issue based differences between them. Studies by scholars in this regard indicated that the audience of these broadcast acquire better and more accurate political information, if they concentrate on the content of these programs. Therefore, the attention of the audience is essential in grasping the various issues under discussion (Perloff). Barack Obama’s outstanding victory at the polls has confirmed the fact that he understood the nuances of the mass media’s power to influence people. In fact his dominance over McCain was total in every area that related to social media activity. Obama based his

Personal Code of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Code of Ethics - Essay Example ed commitment, principled living style, objectivity, harmonious behavior, constructive criticism, beneficial communication, learning passion, and critical reflection. In pursuing my career in finance and accounting, I will take care to conduct myself as much ethically as possible in both personal and professional life by always ensuring the definite presence of this ethical code in my mind. By keeping the values which form the hallmark of my code, I will learn the ropes to establish a smooth career which would not be marred by insignificant criticism, harsh communication, unprofessional thinking, workplace debauchery, and demoralized behavior. Developing a code of ethics prior to initiating a professional career holds utmost importance, because it saves one from engrossing in character-destroying activities and ruining one’s career for life. I will promote healthy and constructive dialogue with fellow colleagues and managers, while taking care to criticize where necessary but in a bias-free manner. I will negotiate certain issues with other people at workplace by being critical, reflective, and ethical at the same time. I will never hold back my passion and commitment for offering solutions for myriad problems and will always consult my code of ethics for maintaining workplace

Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 - Essay Example The Poor Law Amendment of 1834 has been based upon three particular ideas that include Malthus' principles on population raise and resource decline, Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages and Bertham's doctrine on relaxation and perception over work1. These particular bases of the law's idealism leads towards a more important sense of clarity as to what the law was really for. However, since the law interests many critics as to how much applicable the law is in saving the welfare of the poor people in the society (Blaug 1964 p.122). The tests that were used to at least measure the different issues that are in consideration with the application of the law in the society to which it is practically made for includes the less eligibility and the workhouse test. (Boyer 1990p.55) From the measuring examination, the less eligibility test provided a result that only those who are really needy would be able to be considerably considerate on taking workhouse jobs. Believably, the process of inculcations about the major conditions of working in workhouses makes them less interesting even for the poor (Dakyns 2005 p. 49). The other test that has been done was that of the workhouse test. The workhouse test on the other hand gave out a different result pointing out that people who are poor enough move to areas that are ready to welcome them; areas where there seems to be more opportunities of employment. From these resu From these results, it could be found that the law could have been effective for implementation if the actual missions of its creation have been carried through (Lees 1998 p. 342). These missions or particular objectives could be noted as follows: To create a protective consideration on the values of the tax payers helping them to avoid the dilemma of paying too much in comparison to what they are actually making for a living. (Lees 1998 p. 341) To help the unemployed individuals in urban areas to be transferred to their rural origin to reduce scarcity of resources in the city. To ensure the level of consideration given to those who are to be transferred, creation of jobs [or better workhouses] in the rural areas is to be pursued. (Lees 1998 p. 341) These missions impose a larger scope of identity that makes a huge difference on the recognition of employment and acceptability in the human society. Basically, through this, the implication of better jobs and the creation of better work areas or workhouses could interest more to work both in the rural and the urban areas2. It is also through this mission that the inculcation of the role of the Parish groups in assisting individuals who have no jobs to be counselled and motivated to get jobs of their own has been addressed as an aggressive manner of propagating the belief that working is a must and that having a chance to feed one's self and one's family is more important than self praise or social recognition. True, the same as it was before, the human society of the past was less able to control the sense of recognizing the need to live than the need to be known; this has a same implicative effect in the society today. As the poor law amendment of 1834 was also noted for its attributes being based on utilitarianism, this law aims to provide the greater number of people the level of satisfaction and happiness that they deserve

The Ancient World Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Ancient World - Article Example Question 2.Through the Roman Literature and Art, we are able to learn a lot about how Roman women could have power through their ability to influence men so as to achieve their objectives. For instance in the Thucydides’, History of the Peloponnesian War, we learn the great role that the women played in the Peloponnesian War. Also, in Livy’s book, The History of Rome from its Foundation, (Gochberg, 338- 400), we see the great political influence that the Roman women had in the development of the Roman Empire. Also, in, Xenophon the Laws and Customs of the Spartans (Gochberg 160-172), we find the great roles that women played in the ancient Greece’s culture and politics through influencing men on various matters. Question 3. Roman culture has had lasting influence upon the neighbours of the Roman Empire. Some of the areas in which Roman culture has had lasting influence include in the areas of art, architecture, Religion and language. For instance in Demosthenes, First Philippic (B&L 247-251), we find how Hellenistic culture spread to all the neighbours of Greece. Also, in Livy’s book, The History of Rome from its Foundation, we find how the Greece politics influenced politics of the neighbours of Greece. ... Herodotus’ Histories explains how Roman -Spartan war took place in 195 BC., and lastly in the Livy’s book, The History of Rome from its Foundation, we see how war emerged following Rome’s attempt to impose their culture upon other people. Question 5. Emperors used religion to support their power. In his book, The Golden Age, Apuleius discusses how emperors used religion as a tool to support their power. This is also discussed by the Historian Josephus in, Jewish War (Mellor 331-345). We find the same discussion on this immoral behaviour of emperors in the book, The History of Rome from its Foundation, (Gochberg, 338- 400), by Livy. Part 2 Many ancient civilizations were characterized by one group of people being empowered through a marginalization of another group of people. The marginalization of one group of people by another was a result of a war in which the losers in war were made slaves by their conquerors. In this paper we are going to look at three groups of people who were continually marginalized by others. The three groups of people that we are going to look at and who were marginalized by their neighbours are the people of Macedonia, Spartans, and the Syrians. Marginalization of the Macedonians resulted from a war between the Romans and the Macedon state, led by Philip V (Robin and Mattern- Parkes, web). This war was fought in between the years 200-197. The result of the war was that King Philip of Macedon was defeated and he was forced to relinquish all his possessions in South of Greece. King Philip had, however, put up a very spirited resistance against the Romans although eventually he was defeated. Through this war, the people of Macedon were dominated and enslaved by the Romans. The result of this domination was

See Order Instructions below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

See Order Instructions below - Essay Example Discuss the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council’s (ANMC) National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse and the ANMC Codes of Ethics and Professional Conduct (see www.anmc.org.au to access documents) as they shape the registered nurse role and as they contribute to your understanding of your preparation as a registered nurse. Use the ANMC National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse as well as the ANMC Codes of Ethics and Professional Conduct as an underpinning to describe and evaluate your preparation for registered nursing clinical practice. This requires that you crystallise, reflect upon and document aspects of your professional development. You will do this through your reflections on both successful and less successful instances from your own learning and clinical practice. Your reflection should be informed by the available literature and integrate any and evidence of your claims from assessments and specific relevant, learning experiences or incidents.

Neo Realism In Italian Cinema

Neo Realism In Italian Cinema In complete contrast to the Fascist cinema it superseded, Neo-Realism was committed to representing life as it is lived. With this in mind, analyse the reasons why Neo-Realism as a movement lasted only ten years. Please refer to at least two films. In contrast to the Fascist cinema that it superseded, Neo-Realism was committed to representing life as it is lived; its films are therefore characterised by narratives set amongst Italys poorest, examining the difficult economic and moral conditions experienced during World War Two and in the post-war years. The movement has therefore been labelled a moral and aesthetic cinema (lecture, Heath-Williams, A., 2009). This essay will discuss and examine the reasons why Italian Neo-Realism lasted just ten years, between 1942 and 1952 (Cook, P., 2007: 233). It will focus briefly on Fascist cinema and then examine Neo-Realism and some of its key films, notably those by Rossellini, De Sica and Visconti, and the subsequent moves by these directors away from Neo-Realism to more individual projects. It will then assess the variety of state and Church constraints imposed on Neo-Realism during its ten years, and will discuss changes in the tastes of contemporary audiences, to determine whether it was these changes that ultimately sounded the death-knell for the movement. Italian film production was virtually non-existent after World War One and cinemas were forced to show only foreign films, which was intolerable for the Fascist regime (filmreference.com, 2010). Following intervention by Mussolinis government the industry slowly revived throughout the 1930s, creating an Italian, rather than a specifically Fascist cinema (Cook, P., 2007: 233). Fascist filmmakers did make some films that have been rightly dismissed as propaganda, such as the short newsreels that were made to educate not entertain the public. However, of the seven hundred or so films produced by them, most were not actually propaganda films, but rather were entertaining, patriotic epics, such as Red Passport (dir. Brignone, 1935), which highlights an Italian peasants love for his country, as he returned home from abroad and fought and died for Italy in The Great War (Bondanella, P., 2009: 49). In complete contrast, the same film industry also produced White Telephone films a derogatory name coined by the Italian public (allmovie.com, 2010). These films are big-budget melodramatic productions frequently set in grand hotels, fancy nightclubs or on luxurious ocean-liners, with each film featuring a distinctive white telephone, which was viewed as a symbol of middle-class bourgeois wealth. They portray a false view of Italian life, as the existence led by most Italians was the exact opposite of that being shown onscreen. Indeed, within these films, the simple protagonists always found a simplistic resolution to their equally simplistic and insipid dilemmas (greencine.com, 2010), which was wholly unreflective of Italys reality. These films were intended to distract the Italian public from that reality and to recreate the box office success of the popular Hollywood narratives of the 1930s. Mussolini also encouraged the filming of grand, historical epics that were intended to ma ke Italians proud of their Roman history (greencine.com, 2010) again, another distraction from contemporary problems. Whilst Fascist cinema tended to produce decadent white telephone films, there were calls for filmmakers to develop a film realism that was authentically Italian (filmreference.com, 2010). With the outbreak of war in 1939 and the increasing breakdown of Italian society, a number of screenwriters also began to call for a cinema that resembled the Verismo or reality of 19th century Italian literature (Bordwell, D., Thompson, K., 2008: 459). Italian directors and writers were also influenced by French films of the 1930s and by Calligraphist films of the early 1940s, which were heavily reliant on the finest of detail (Bondanella, P., 2009: 52, 53). This use of fine detail and mise-en-scene would become a major aspect of the Neo-Realist movement. Although philosophical ideas formed the basis of the Neo-Realist movement, the main aim and true goal of the movement was to express societys issues in an entirely new and innovative way. Accordingly, Neo-Realist films may be seen as something o f a reaction against the white telephone dramas and superficial Hollywood imports of the 1930s (cinema-scope.com, 2010). Neo-Realism was therefore a rejection of Fascism and fantasy (criterion.com, 2007) but its realism was also born from absolute necessity. Indeed, the reasons for shooting on location and over-dubbing dialogue were purely practical, as Romes Cinecitta studios were heavily bombed by Allied forces and could not be utilised and sound equipment was of poor quality and in short supply (Bordwell, D., Thompson, K., 2008: 459). However, the use of exterior locations rather than studio sets lends the films a great deal of authenticity, because they show the actual physical destruction of the Italian landscape. This destruction as shown in various scenes of bombed-out shells of buildings throughout Rome, Open City (dir. Rossellini, 1945), and Germany, Year Zero (dir. Rossellini, 1947) could not easily be recreated in the studio. Similarly, in Obsession (dir. Visconti, 1943) the director uses the natural degradation of a typical farming community to set his film, and this too is difficult to re create in the studio. Filmmakers were also allowed much more freedom on location with sound and dialogue because everything could be carefully re-recorded later in the studio (Bordwell, D., Thompson, K., 2008: 459). This is evident in the scene from Obsession where the characters are walking back from a singing contest and are filmed chatting together from some distance away; their conversation is obviously over-dubbed, as it could not be recorded naturally during filming with the poor sound equipment available. The use of conversational speech and non-literary dialogue also lends Neo-Realist films an authentic air because it makes characters more realistic, to which audiences can relate. Neo-Realist filmmakers also use many non-professional actors for supporting roles, which adds realism and depth to their characters. Professional actors usually portray the principle characters but sometimes non-professionals are also utilised. The reason for the use of amateurs is because many professional actors perished during the Allied bombings or were exterminated by the Nazis (lecture, Heath-Williams, A., 2009). The use of non-professionals in principle roles gives the films added realism, especially in critical scenes. For example, when Vittorio De Sica was casting actors to play the main character in his iconic film Bicycle Thieves (dir. De Sica, 1948) he chose an ordinary factory worker to play him because, according to De Sica, everything about him was perfect (Bordwell, D., Thompson, K., 2008: 460) for the working class character he had envisioned. A professional actor would simply not have had the life experiences to draw upon to accurately portray him. Neo-Realist films are divided into two distinct categories, that is, Ideology and Style (facstaff.gpc.edu, 2010). Ideologically, Neo-Realist films portray Italy with a new, revitalised democratic spirit, strongly emphasising the value of ordinary, working class people. The films also show a compassionate viewpoint and refused to make superficial moral judgements (lecture, Heath-Williams, A., 2009). Many films are pre-occupied with Italys Fascist past and others deal with the difficult economic and moral conditions faced by Italians throughout the war and during its aftermath. There is one particular scene in Rome, Open City where a mob raids a bakery, stealing everything, including the weighing scales, which perfectly portrays the fear and desperation prevalent in contemporary Rome. Neo-Realist films also have a tendency to emphasise strong emotions rather than abstract ideas to convey their ideas, thereby inviting audiences to empathise with the plots and characters, whose experienc es mirror their own. Stylistically, Neo-Realist films avoid neatly plotted stories in favour of a loose and episodic structure, whilst mixing in a documentary-like visual style (facstaff.gpc.edu, 2010). Obsession is a prime example of the use of this loose structure, with the plot revealing itself like the chapters of a book. Its documentary-like style is shown through its use of real-time long shots, which convey the natural coming-and-goings of the characters, capturing life as it happens. This is perfectly illustrated by the infamous scene in Obsession where Giovanna eats a bowl of pasta and falls asleep at the table in her ramshackle kitchen, which confirms her exhaustion and carefully matches film-time with real-time. It is this style that gives Neo-Realist films their unique perspective, because real life is loose and episodic, it is not neatly plotted or clearly defined, sometimes literally nothing happens as in the pasta eating scene and it often ends unhappily or uncertainly. One of the first directors to focus the attention of international film critics onto Neo-Realism was Roberto Rossellini, a close friend of Mussolinis son, Vittorio. Despite his Fascist background, one of the most notable examples of Neo-Realism can be found in Rossellinis highly acclaimed film, Rome, Open City (lecture, Heath-Williams, A., 2009). The film is centred on the unlikely collaboration between Catholics and Communists fighting the Nazi occupation of Rome, shortly before the Americans liberated the city. Some footage was allegedly shot during the Nazi occupation and subsequent retreat out of Rome because of its accurate portrayal of society at the time. Indeed, Rossellini wanted to convey the cruel atmosphere that existed during the Nazi occupation, and the scene wherein Romes socio-political reality is vividly demonstrated, is when Pina is mercilessly gunned down by German soldiers as she chases the vehicle that takes her lover, Francesco, away. Perhaps, more importantly, f or a director with links to Mussolinis regime, the film with Romes resistance movement at its core has a very real anti-Fascist message. The box-office success of Rome, Open City hinted that a film revolution (ccat.sas.upenn.edu, 1996) was underway, and Rossellini remains true to Neo-Realism in his next two films, Paisan (dir. Rossellini, 1946) and Germany, Year Zero. Paisan is another example of Neo-Realisms use of an episodic structure, as its six sections loosely capturing the Allied defeat of Italy are edited together by authentic newsreel footage. The film further revolutionised filmmaking when Rossellini chose much of his cast from people who simply gathered around when his film crew set up in a town square (ccat.sas.upenn.edu, 1996). His next film, Germany, Year Zero, is set in the ruins of Berlin and shows a German viewpoint of the war and its aftermath. This film, however, was criticised by some Marxist Neo-Realists, who sensed something of a moralistic, less objective tone in this work and a distinct change of direction from Rome, Open City (archive.sensesofcinema.com). Indeed, Rossellini establishes his m oral perspective at the outset of the film when a brief written quotation and accompanying voice-over, appears to suggest that a society that strays from a decent, moral and religious path will undoubtedly plunge into chaos (Bondanella, P., 2009: 80). This is a damning indictment of Germany and its recent experiences under Hitler, but it strays a long way from Neo-Realism and its supposed reluctance to make moral judgements of this nature. Rossellini seems to suggest that German society may have broken down irretrievably because of Hitler, as Germany, Year Zero is full of relentless, bleak imagery, which illustrates its downfall, such as in the scene where desperate Berliners are reduced to eating a horse that has died in the street because they are starving (Bondanella, P., 2009: 81). In contrast, Rome, Open City differs in that Rossellini shows some vestige of hope for Italy, most notably in the scene where a group of young children even though they witness the execution of Don Pietro still find the courage to return to Rome and continue their resistance efforts. However, Rossellinis change of direction is more apparent in his films of the late 1940s and early 1950s as he moves from attempts to capture social realism to the investigation of more complex issues, such as marriage, emotional alienation, and personal despair (Bondanella, P., 2009: 130). Indeed, Rossellinis exploration of these subjects requires the exp ertise of professional actors rather than the gritty amateurs who worked on his Neo-Realist films, which is perhaps his most blatant change of style. Whilst Rossellini brought Neo-Realism to international attention, it was Vittorio De Sica who maintained its impetus (facstaff.gpc.edu, 2010). De Sica was an established film and theatre actor when he turned to filmmaking in 1939, but his films lacked any renown until he began to examine the harsh realities faced by Italians during the war (starpulse.com, 2010). Elements of Neo-Realism can therefore be found in The Children Are Watching Us (dir. De Sica, 1942) with its simple plot, social problems and use of children in key roles. However, it was during the post-war era that De Sica became one of the key figures of Neo-Realism with such classics as Shoeshine (dir. De Sica, 1946) a tragic account of the lives of two children during Americas occupation of Italy and Bicycle Thieves (biography.com, 2010). The latter is undoubtedly his greatest film and, in true Neo-Realist style, is acted mostly by non-professionals, is shot on location and deals with various social issues, including t he impact of long-term unemployment and familial relationships, in this case, between father and son. Shot on the streets of Rome, the films protagonist is Antonio, who finally secures work putting up film posters, but to keep the job he has to have his own bicycle; Antonio and his wife are therefore forced to pawn their bed sheets to secure one. The scene in the pawnshop is poignant, as the shop is overflowing with household goods that have been exchanged for money or alternative goods, which highlights Italys desperate poverty. However, the bike is stolen and the film deals with Antonio and his sons attempts to recover it (facstaff.gpc.edu, 2010). Antonio ultimately steals someone elses bicycle and is apprehended by angry locals, becoming the very person that drove him to where he is now a bicycle thief! There are clearly depths to which even desperate Italians must not descend. Bicycle Thieves successfully highlights Italys bleak situation during the post-war years, and it is this accurate, heartbreaking portrayal that makes it such an achievement. The film is not, however, witho ut controversy, as it exposes societys problems but does not offer solutions to them. Certainly Bicycle Thieves does not have a satisfying happy ending, so perhaps De Sica simply intends that society find its own solutions to the problems he reveals in Bicycle Thieves. His next Neo-Realist production was Miracle In Milan (dir. De Sica, 1951) a comic parable about the clash between Milans rich and poor followed a year later by Umberto D. (dir. De Sica, 1952), which is now accepted as a film masterpiece. However, Umberto D. was a contemporary box-office disaster (starpulse.com), as Italian audiences appeared to prefer Hollywood escapism to De Sicas themes of loneliness, poverty, suffering and the plight of the elderly in society. De Sica was therefore forced to return to more lightweight and commercial films, such as It Happened In The Park (dir. De Sica, 1953). When subsequent films also failed commercially, De Sicas career as a director stalled and, struggling to secure funding for further projects, he returned to acting and did not direct again until 1960 (starpulse.com). Neo-Realists struggled to find funding because the Italian film industry was effectively under state control by the early 1950s (Bordwell, D., Thompson, K., 2008: 460). Indeed, Giulio Andreotti, the Under-secretary of Public Entertainment, introduced a law that limited foreign imports and provided loans for domestic film production, as long as these films were not overtly critical of post-war Italy (Bondanella, P., 2009: 112). Unfortunately, Neo-Realist films clearly fell outside this strict funding criterion. A government committee was actually established to read prospective film scripts and to deny finance to openly political productions (matthewhunt.com). The Catholic Church also began to censor films according to their suitability for screening in its parish cinemas, which had been opened to combat the supposed menace of immorality and Communism as portrayed in Cinema Paradiso (dir. Tornatore, 1989) many years later. And, in 1949, the Vatican actually excommunicated Communist v oters, sympathizers, and their allies (Bondanella, P., 2009: 112), which made producing and watching Neo-Realism films extremely risky in an era when any form of social criticism seemingly equalled Communism. Similarly, as economic prosperity returned to post-war Italy, Neo-Realist films no longer felt as relevant and they started to become obsolete. Italians had recently lived through a very dark time in their history and did not appear to want it continually replayed on the big screen. Perhaps the realism of these films was just a little too accurate and a reminder of times sooner forgotten. Consequently, many Italians turned to the glamorous escapism of imported Hollywood productions and whilst Rome, Open City was the highest grossing domestic film of 1945 (cinema-scope.com, 2010) by 1952 Umberto D. was the aforementioned disaster at the Italian box-office. Indeed, historians date the end of the Neo-Realist movement with the public attacks onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Umberto D. (Bordwell, D., Thompson, K., 2008: 461). The Neo-Realist movement therefore had to adapt and a modicum of escapist comedy was introduced to dilute the realism and make the films more socially acceptable. The resulting new film style is known as Pink Neo-Realism (matthewhunt.com) that eventually gave way to the distinctive Comedia AllItaliana (matthewhunt.com). The Neo-Realism movement was therefore effectively at an end. During the occupation years the message of the Neo-Realist movement led to a social revolution amongst Italys people and government. However, as Italys post-war resurgence gained strength this message faded, as audiences preferred to forget issues like mass unemployment, extreme poverty, social decay and politics. Realism therefore became the antithesis of social change and filmmakers and audiences ironically gravitated towards the types of films made by the Fascist cinema popular taste had come full circle. With hindsight, however, it is apparent that no other film movement has achieved such an accurate portrayal of real life and won such recognition as the Italian Neo-Realist movement. Its impact on contemporary filmmaking was enormous, establishing the reputations of its key directors and offering audiences some of the outstanding films of the post-war era. And while Italian Neo-Realism lasted just ten brief years, its influence was felt immediately amongst filmmakers of the 1950 s (Bordwell, D., Thompson, K., 2008: 461), and it is still felt amongst filmmakers of today. Bibliography Bondanella, P., 2009, A HeatHistory of Italian Cinema, New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. Bondanella, P., 2007, Italian Cinema: From Neorealism To The Present, 3rd edition, New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. Bordwell, D., Thompson, K., 2008, Film Art: An Introduction, 8th edition, New York: McGraw-Hill. Cook, P., 2007, The Cinema Book, 3rd edition, London: Palgrave Macmillan. Heath-Williams, A. (2009) Introduction to Italian Neorealism, FV2S13 [Lecture] Italian Cinema, Bridgend College, School of Creative Arts, Seminar Room, Queens Road Campus, 24th September. Heath-Williams, A. (2009) Neorealism: Wartime Resistance, FV2S13 [Lecture] Italian Cinema, Bridgend College, School of Creative Arts, Seminar Room, Queens Road Campus, 8th October. Web Resources Allmovie.com (2010) History of Italian Cinema [online] Available from: http://www.allmovie.com/essays/Italian-cinema-41 [23/06/10] Senses of Cinema (2010) Roberto Rossellini [online] Available from: http://archive.sesnseofcinema.com/contents/directors/02/rossellini.html [25/06/10] Film Drama (2009) Rome, Open City (Roma, Citta Aperta) [online] Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/cinema/features/rome-open-city.shtml [23/06/10] Biography.com (2010) Vittorio de Sica Biography [online] Available from: http://www.biography.com/articles/Vittorio-de-Sica-9272724 [25/06/10] University of Pennsylvania (1996) The Cinema Under Mussolini [online] Available from: http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/italians/resources/Amiciprize/1996/mussolini.html [23/06/10] Cinema Scope (2010) Rome, Open City: Neorealism Wasnt Built in a Day [online] Available from: http://www.cinema-scope.com/cs24/spo_kaltsounakis_rome.htm [23/06/10] Criterion Collection Online Cinematheque (2007) Bicycle Thieves: A Passionate Commitment to the Real By Godfrey Cheshire [online] Available from: http://www.criterion.com/current/posts/467 [23/06/10] Facstaff.gcp.edu (2010) Film 1301, Notes 10, Italian Neorealism [online] Available from: http://facstaff.gcp.edu/njriggs/film1301/notes10.htm [3/07/10] Filmcritic.com (2007) Bicycle Thieves [online] Available from: http://www.filmcritic.com/reviews/1948/bicycle-thieves/ [23/06/10] Filmreference.com (2010) Cinema Under Fascism: The Advent of Sound and The Increase of National Production [online] Available from: http://www.filmreference.com/Independent-Film-Road-Movies/Italy-CINEMA-UNDER-FASCISM-THE-ADVENTOF-SOUND-AND-THE-INCREASE-OF-NATIONAL-PRODUCTION.html [23/06/10] Filmreference.com (2010) Historical Origins Of Italian Neorealism [online] Available from: http://filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Independent-Film-Road-Movies/Neorealism.html [23/06/10] Greencine.com (2010) Italian Neo-Realism by Megan Ratner [online] Available from: http://greencine.com/static/primers/neorealism1.jsp [24/6/10] Matthewhunt.com (2010) Neo-Realism [online] Available from: http://www.matthewhunt.com/cinema/worldcinema.html [30/06/10] The New York Times (2009) Open City (1945) [online] Available from: http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/36504/Open-City/overview [23/06/10] Starpulse.com (2010) Vittorio de Sica Biography [online] Available from: http://starpulse.com/Actors/De_Sica,_Vittorio/Biography [25/06/10]