Human Interactions in the US of the 16

The Middle Ages Analysis Essay Example For Students

The Middle Ages Analysis Essay The Roman Empire geographically established the original concept of a European boundary. With all of its great achievements likeecivil law, politics and literature, the collective willpower of the Roman Empire would eventually degrade over time and give way to new ideas anddinfluences. The empire of Rome did not fall- it fizzled. The Western Roman Empire gave way to the Middle Ages around 476, when the Barbarian,,Odoacer, overthrew the emperor Romulus Augustulus. Other historians give the year 410, when Alaric, king of the Visigoths, sacked Rome. Still,,others say about 500 or even later. In any event this early medieval period is often referred to as the Dark Ages because of the apparent collapse offGreco Roman culture. During this time their was no effective government and no sense of state, just small autonomous tribes and peasanttcommunities. Local life was isolated, fragmented, dreary, illiterate and superstitious.. We will write a custom essay on The Middle Ages Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now For various reasons, Germanic people to the North had long desired to expand into Roman territories perhaps because of pressures from overpopulation, wars, or food shortages.These Barbarians were semi-nomadic tribes led by warrior chiefs. They advanced forcefully against the Empire in the fourth century as the strength and determination of the Roman Empire was being degraded by political decay, civil war, economic problems and social decadence. Various Barbarians such as the Ostrogoth, Vandals, Lombards, Franks, Angles, Saxons and other tribes overcame a disintegrating Roman Empire. The advanced systems of Roman law, culture and government gave way to crude forms of Barbarians. These invaders lacked the ability to continue the achievements in art, literature, and engineering. However, these invaders also brought with them new ideas and traditions that changed Roman culture to a more diverse and defused culture which altered the course and development for later Europe. The Germanic pe ople brought with them their customs and traditions, but the idea that most influenced later Europe was the belief in the rights of the individual. To the Romans the state was more important than the individual. It is from this merging of cultures that the idea of personal rights, the concept of government by the people, and crude but representative law courts emerged. These ideas paved the way for the acceptance of new ideas. This individual thinking allowed for the broad acceptance of Christianity, the most important ingredient that went into the making of Europe. The cultural legacy of Greece and Rome, combined with the new ideas and traditions of the Germanic people was glued together with Christianity. As Germanic minorities mingled with what was left of the Roman population, they created new hybrid societies that would differ in ways that would have great consequences for centuries. How did these various Germanic people assimilate and what kind of governmental and social struc tures developed in these early Middle Ages that would later influence the making of Europe? The answers are numerous and complex, but here are a few underlying basic reasons: Germanic tribes were originally ruled by individuals who were chosen because of their dominance and success in battle. Germanic warriors were modified by their increased exposure to Roman civilization. Barbarian war bands acquired the concept of stratified ranks from the Roman armies they encountered which assisted in the evolution of a class structure. As the most elite acquired land and wealth, social inequalities emerged that would define nobles from peasants in later Europe. German tribes developed regulations or laws that applied to the Romans as well as their own people. For example, the Franks developed the Wergeld Value System where a certain value was placed on every person. Fines were charged for a violation on that person and varied depending on their status. These Barbarian law codes would later evo lve into the Feudal System in Medieval government was a disorganized affair that grew out of Germanic tribal ties of kinship and personal loyalty. Their greatest gains in this transitional period were made for them by their kings. Most kings tried to rule according to Roman law. But, gradually, by a painful process of political pioneering, the kings learned to rule in their own names without the benefit of imperial restrictions. By the end of the sixth century, this Germanic style had totally replaced the Roman administrative system.

What Is Global Warming Essay Sample Essays

What Is Global Warming Essay Sample Essays What Is Global Warming Essay Sample Essay What Is Global Warming Essay Sample Essay Is global warming real Global warming refers to a climatic change characterized by the rise in temperature of the earth climate. it has some severe climatic effect globally with its main casualty being individuals who are affected by drought and famines as well as unprecedented floods. It is caused by the emission of heat-trapping gases such as carbon IV oxide. The gas has a greater risk that is irreversible. Additionally, global warming effects are felt in all part of the world. It leads to the rising of tides in oceans and seas affect the movement of goods and people. It leads to losses counting by industries which import or export their goods along the seas. Additionally, it affects movement of seas creature and growth of sea plants. It leads to changes in climatic rainfall pattern globally which become unpredictable, hence, affecting the economic activities of communities depending on rain for the economic activities. Notably, it changes snow pattern, increases in severe storms and drought, melting of glacial as well as changes in plant and animal behaviour. The effect of the global warming can be stopped through personal, government, and international initiatives aimed at curbing the effect. At a personal level, individuals should ensure that the item they use is environmentally friendly kitchen item as well as gadgets. the efforts can lead to lower level of carbon emissions. For example, they should avoid use traditions Jikos which have to emit more carbon. Further, they should be involved in the planting of more trees which assist in the cleaning of the environment. Governments in their part should take part in making legislation that prevents uses of gases of fuel that emit excessive carbon to the atmosphere. it should discourage excessivepurchase of personal vehicle and instead encourage citizen to shift to buses. it should lay down initiatives that encourage citizens to plant more trees and uses of environmentally friendly fuels which has less effect on the environment. Further, it should encourage industries to fix a scrubber in their industries to ensures that the gas being emitted is filtered. Finally, global entities such as UNEP organise environmental convention aimed at raising initiatives that encourage countries to avoid uses of the green house. they should create world environmental days where all governments should take part in observing. It should lay down standards and levels a country should be as well as a collective action on the most hit part of the world. Conclusively, controlling global warming is significant as it makes the world a safe place for current and future generation. It ensures that the pattern of the world including rainfall and snow pattern is consistent. Individuals should be taken initiatives at their personal level and ensure that whatever they use is environmentally friendly. Governments should pass legislation that safeguards or environment while global organs should conduct convention which promotes the use of eco-friendly gadgets as well as undertaking activities which are environmentally friendly. Therefore, individuals, government, and international organisation should play a major role in ensuring that the environment is safe.

Setting a Purpose for Motivated Reading

Setting a Purpose for Motivated Reading Setting a purpose for reading helps keep students focused and engaged while reading, and gives them a mission so that comprehension can be reinforced. Reading with purpose motivates children and helps students who tend to rush, take their time reading so they wont skip over key elements in the text. Here are a few ways teachers can set a purpose for reading, as well as teach their students how to set their own purpose. How to Set a Purpose for Reading As the teacher, when you set a purpose for reading be specific. Here are a few prompts: Read until you get to the part where so and so did this.Stop reading until you find out about so and so.Read until you discover___.Read until you find out where the story takes place.Close the book when you figure out the problem in the story. After students have completed your task you can help build comprehension by asking them to do a few quick activities. Here are a few suggestions: Draw a picture of what they think will happen next in the story.Create a concept map recording elements in the story.Write down a problem they discovered while reading the story.Ask critical thinking questions, such as What the solution to the problem in the story?...What is the purpose of this book?....What is the author trying to accomplish?...What issues arise in the story?Retell the story in your own words with a partner.Compare how the characters have changed throughout the story. Teach Students How to Set Their Own Purpose for Reading Before teaching students how to set a purpose for what they are reading make sure they understand that a purpose drives the choices they make while they are reading. Guide students into how to set a purpose by telling them the following three things. You can read to perform a task, such as specific directions. For example, read until you meet the main character in the story.You can read for pure enjoyment.You can read to learn new information. For example, if you wanted to learn about bears. After students decide what their purpose for reading is then they can select a text. After the text is selected you can show students before, during, and after reading strategies that match their purpose for reading. Remind students that as they read they should refer back to their main purpose. Checklist for Reading Purposes Here are a few tips, questions, and statements students should be thinking about before, during, and after reading a text. Before Reading: What do I already know about the topic?What can I expect to learn?Skim the book to find out what I will be learning. During Reading: Pause during reading to reflect upon what was just read. Try to link it to something you already know.Do I understand what I just read?Place a sticky note next to any question, unfamiliar word, or comment you would like to share in the text. After Reading: Reread any passages that confused you.Go over your sticky notes.Summarize in your head what you have just read.

Hitler's Death Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hitler's Death - Term Paper Example Speculations, arguments, doubts and questions arose regarding the validity of the death of the most famous dictator to date, Adolf Hitler. Different analysis were conducted and different results were obtained from these studies the issue still had been going on for a while until the skull fragment was displayed in Moscow a little over a decade ago. Although it may seem still a little vague to some today, it is no longer a question whether Hitler is dead or alive but just the truth behind his death. Considering his recorded condition before the 30th of April in 1945, he would unlikely survive a decade after that. So whether he escaped from the ruins of Berlin or not, he is, for the lack of better term, ‘dead’, by now. Some historians doubted Hitler’s death and suggested that the Nazis orchestrated propaganda to make the Fuehrer a hero. The US also doubted the dictator’s death and speculated the he may have escaped from Berlin in 1945 and did not take his own life. These doubts were caused by the unclear showcasing of facts and mismatching data in the past. These speculation and arguments just settled when the skull fragment with a hole caused by a gunshot was put on display in Moscow in 2000.

The influence of mass media in the american election Research Proposal

The influence of mass media in the american election - Research Proposal Example The US mass media concentrates almost exclusively on elections during the presidential election year. Several television channels are wont to support one or other presidential aspirant. Traditionally, Fox News and the National Review have supported the Conservative point of view, whereas the Liberal ideology has been promoted by MSNBC (Quinn). The use of exit polls by the media to predict winners in elections, on the basis of whom voters say they had voted for in the elections, subsequent to casting their vote has resulted in considerable controversy. These estimates are generally made on the basis of marginal differences in the stated number of votes. Such predictions have the effect of influencing persons who have yet to exercise their franchise (Mass Media Play Important Role in U.S. Elections). The general view is that television channels do not provide accurate political information to their viewers. Some people argue that TV channels have failed to provide their viewers with correct information. However, this notion is not correct; because several studies in this area have revealed that TV news channels reach a broader section of the populace, in respect of political issues, than newspapers. More importantly, during election times, TV channels provide accurate information about candidates; and clarify at length the ideological and issue based differences between them. Studies by scholars in this regard indicated that the audience of these broadcast acquire better and more accurate political information, if they concentrate on the content of these programs. Therefore, the attention of the audience is essential in grasping the various issues under discussion (Perloff). Barack Obama’s outstanding victory at the polls has confirmed the fact that he understood the nuances of the mass media’s power to influence people. In fact his dominance over McCain was total in every area that related to social media activity. Obama based his

Personal Code of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Code of Ethics - Essay Example ed commitment, principled living style, objectivity, harmonious behavior, constructive criticism, beneficial communication, learning passion, and critical reflection. In pursuing my career in finance and accounting, I will take care to conduct myself as much ethically as possible in both personal and professional life by always ensuring the definite presence of this ethical code in my mind. By keeping the values which form the hallmark of my code, I will learn the ropes to establish a smooth career which would not be marred by insignificant criticism, harsh communication, unprofessional thinking, workplace debauchery, and demoralized behavior. Developing a code of ethics prior to initiating a professional career holds utmost importance, because it saves one from engrossing in character-destroying activities and ruining one’s career for life. I will promote healthy and constructive dialogue with fellow colleagues and managers, while taking care to criticize where necessary but in a bias-free manner. I will negotiate certain issues with other people at workplace by being critical, reflective, and ethical at the same time. I will never hold back my passion and commitment for offering solutions for myriad problems and will always consult my code of ethics for maintaining workplace

Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 - Essay Example The Poor Law Amendment of 1834 has been based upon three particular ideas that include Malthus' principles on population raise and resource decline, Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages and Bertham's doctrine on relaxation and perception over work1. These particular bases of the law's idealism leads towards a more important sense of clarity as to what the law was really for. However, since the law interests many critics as to how much applicable the law is in saving the welfare of the poor people in the society (Blaug 1964 p.122). The tests that were used to at least measure the different issues that are in consideration with the application of the law in the society to which it is practically made for includes the less eligibility and the workhouse test. (Boyer 1990p.55) From the measuring examination, the less eligibility test provided a result that only those who are really needy would be able to be considerably considerate on taking workhouse jobs. Believably, the process of inculcations about the major conditions of working in workhouses makes them less interesting even for the poor (Dakyns 2005 p. 49). The other test that has been done was that of the workhouse test. The workhouse test on the other hand gave out a different result pointing out that people who are poor enough move to areas that are ready to welcome them; areas where there seems to be more opportunities of employment. From these resu From these results, it could be found that the law could have been effective for implementation if the actual missions of its creation have been carried through (Lees 1998 p. 342). These missions or particular objectives could be noted as follows: To create a protective consideration on the values of the tax payers helping them to avoid the dilemma of paying too much in comparison to what they are actually making for a living. (Lees 1998 p. 341) To help the unemployed individuals in urban areas to be transferred to their rural origin to reduce scarcity of resources in the city. To ensure the level of consideration given to those who are to be transferred, creation of jobs [or better workhouses] in the rural areas is to be pursued. (Lees 1998 p. 341) These missions impose a larger scope of identity that makes a huge difference on the recognition of employment and acceptability in the human society. Basically, through this, the implication of better jobs and the creation of better work areas or workhouses could interest more to work both in the rural and the urban areas2. It is also through this mission that the inculcation of the role of the Parish groups in assisting individuals who have no jobs to be counselled and motivated to get jobs of their own has been addressed as an aggressive manner of propagating the belief that working is a must and that having a chance to feed one's self and one's family is more important than self praise or social recognition. True, the same as it was before, the human society of the past was less able to control the sense of recognizing the need to live than the need to be known; this has a same implicative effect in the society today. As the poor law amendment of 1834 was also noted for its attributes being based on utilitarianism, this law aims to provide the greater number of people the level of satisfaction and happiness that they deserve

The Ancient World Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Ancient World - Article Example Question 2.Through the Roman Literature and Art, we are able to learn a lot about how Roman women could have power through their ability to influence men so as to achieve their objectives. For instance in the Thucydides’, History of the Peloponnesian War, we learn the great role that the women played in the Peloponnesian War. Also, in Livy’s book, The History of Rome from its Foundation, (Gochberg, 338- 400), we see the great political influence that the Roman women had in the development of the Roman Empire. Also, in, Xenophon the Laws and Customs of the Spartans (Gochberg 160-172), we find the great roles that women played in the ancient Greece’s culture and politics through influencing men on various matters. Question 3. Roman culture has had lasting influence upon the neighbours of the Roman Empire. Some of the areas in which Roman culture has had lasting influence include in the areas of art, architecture, Religion and language. For instance in Demosthenes, First Philippic (B&L 247-251), we find how Hellenistic culture spread to all the neighbours of Greece. Also, in Livy’s book, The History of Rome from its Foundation, we find how the Greece politics influenced politics of the neighbours of Greece. ... Herodotus’ Histories explains how Roman -Spartan war took place in 195 BC., and lastly in the Livy’s book, The History of Rome from its Foundation, we see how war emerged following Rome’s attempt to impose their culture upon other people. Question 5. Emperors used religion to support their power. In his book, The Golden Age, Apuleius discusses how emperors used religion as a tool to support their power. This is also discussed by the Historian Josephus in, Jewish War (Mellor 331-345). We find the same discussion on this immoral behaviour of emperors in the book, The History of Rome from its Foundation, (Gochberg, 338- 400), by Livy. Part 2 Many ancient civilizations were characterized by one group of people being empowered through a marginalization of another group of people. The marginalization of one group of people by another was a result of a war in which the losers in war were made slaves by their conquerors. In this paper we are going to look at three groups of people who were continually marginalized by others. The three groups of people that we are going to look at and who were marginalized by their neighbours are the people of Macedonia, Spartans, and the Syrians. Marginalization of the Macedonians resulted from a war between the Romans and the Macedon state, led by Philip V (Robin and Mattern- Parkes, web). This war was fought in between the years 200-197. The result of the war was that King Philip of Macedon was defeated and he was forced to relinquish all his possessions in South of Greece. King Philip had, however, put up a very spirited resistance against the Romans although eventually he was defeated. Through this war, the people of Macedon were dominated and enslaved by the Romans. The result of this domination was

See Order Instructions below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

See Order Instructions below - Essay Example Discuss the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council’s (ANMC) National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse and the ANMC Codes of Ethics and Professional Conduct (see www.anmc.org.au to access documents) as they shape the registered nurse role and as they contribute to your understanding of your preparation as a registered nurse. Use the ANMC National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse as well as the ANMC Codes of Ethics and Professional Conduct as an underpinning to describe and evaluate your preparation for registered nursing clinical practice. This requires that you crystallise, reflect upon and document aspects of your professional development. You will do this through your reflections on both successful and less successful instances from your own learning and clinical practice. Your reflection should be informed by the available literature and integrate any and evidence of your claims from assessments and specific relevant, learning experiences or incidents.

Neo Realism In Italian Cinema

Neo Realism In Italian Cinema In complete contrast to the Fascist cinema it superseded, Neo-Realism was committed to representing life as it is lived. With this in mind, analyse the reasons why Neo-Realism as a movement lasted only ten years. Please refer to at least two films. In contrast to the Fascist cinema that it superseded, Neo-Realism was committed to representing life as it is lived; its films are therefore characterised by narratives set amongst Italys poorest, examining the difficult economic and moral conditions experienced during World War Two and in the post-war years. The movement has therefore been labelled a moral and aesthetic cinema (lecture, Heath-Williams, A., 2009). This essay will discuss and examine the reasons why Italian Neo-Realism lasted just ten years, between 1942 and 1952 (Cook, P., 2007: 233). It will focus briefly on Fascist cinema and then examine Neo-Realism and some of its key films, notably those by Rossellini, De Sica and Visconti, and the subsequent moves by these directors away from Neo-Realism to more individual projects. It will then assess the variety of state and Church constraints imposed on Neo-Realism during its ten years, and will discuss changes in the tastes of contemporary audiences, to determine whether it was these changes that ultimately sounded the death-knell for the movement. Italian film production was virtually non-existent after World War One and cinemas were forced to show only foreign films, which was intolerable for the Fascist regime (filmreference.com, 2010). Following intervention by Mussolinis government the industry slowly revived throughout the 1930s, creating an Italian, rather than a specifically Fascist cinema (Cook, P., 2007: 233). Fascist filmmakers did make some films that have been rightly dismissed as propaganda, such as the short newsreels that were made to educate not entertain the public. However, of the seven hundred or so films produced by them, most were not actually propaganda films, but rather were entertaining, patriotic epics, such as Red Passport (dir. Brignone, 1935), which highlights an Italian peasants love for his country, as he returned home from abroad and fought and died for Italy in The Great War (Bondanella, P., 2009: 49). In complete contrast, the same film industry also produced White Telephone films a derogatory name coined by the Italian public (allmovie.com, 2010). These films are big-budget melodramatic productions frequently set in grand hotels, fancy nightclubs or on luxurious ocean-liners, with each film featuring a distinctive white telephone, which was viewed as a symbol of middle-class bourgeois wealth. They portray a false view of Italian life, as the existence led by most Italians was the exact opposite of that being shown onscreen. Indeed, within these films, the simple protagonists always found a simplistic resolution to their equally simplistic and insipid dilemmas (greencine.com, 2010), which was wholly unreflective of Italys reality. These films were intended to distract the Italian public from that reality and to recreate the box office success of the popular Hollywood narratives of the 1930s. Mussolini also encouraged the filming of grand, historical epics that were intended to ma ke Italians proud of their Roman history (greencine.com, 2010) again, another distraction from contemporary problems. Whilst Fascist cinema tended to produce decadent white telephone films, there were calls for filmmakers to develop a film realism that was authentically Italian (filmreference.com, 2010). With the outbreak of war in 1939 and the increasing breakdown of Italian society, a number of screenwriters also began to call for a cinema that resembled the Verismo or reality of 19th century Italian literature (Bordwell, D., Thompson, K., 2008: 459). Italian directors and writers were also influenced by French films of the 1930s and by Calligraphist films of the early 1940s, which were heavily reliant on the finest of detail (Bondanella, P., 2009: 52, 53). This use of fine detail and mise-en-scene would become a major aspect of the Neo-Realist movement. Although philosophical ideas formed the basis of the Neo-Realist movement, the main aim and true goal of the movement was to express societys issues in an entirely new and innovative way. Accordingly, Neo-Realist films may be seen as something o f a reaction against the white telephone dramas and superficial Hollywood imports of the 1930s (cinema-scope.com, 2010). Neo-Realism was therefore a rejection of Fascism and fantasy (criterion.com, 2007) but its realism was also born from absolute necessity. Indeed, the reasons for shooting on location and over-dubbing dialogue were purely practical, as Romes Cinecitta studios were heavily bombed by Allied forces and could not be utilised and sound equipment was of poor quality and in short supply (Bordwell, D., Thompson, K., 2008: 459). However, the use of exterior locations rather than studio sets lends the films a great deal of authenticity, because they show the actual physical destruction of the Italian landscape. This destruction as shown in various scenes of bombed-out shells of buildings throughout Rome, Open City (dir. Rossellini, 1945), and Germany, Year Zero (dir. Rossellini, 1947) could not easily be recreated in the studio. Similarly, in Obsession (dir. Visconti, 1943) the director uses the natural degradation of a typical farming community to set his film, and this too is difficult to re create in the studio. Filmmakers were also allowed much more freedom on location with sound and dialogue because everything could be carefully re-recorded later in the studio (Bordwell, D., Thompson, K., 2008: 459). This is evident in the scene from Obsession where the characters are walking back from a singing contest and are filmed chatting together from some distance away; their conversation is obviously over-dubbed, as it could not be recorded naturally during filming with the poor sound equipment available. The use of conversational speech and non-literary dialogue also lends Neo-Realist films an authentic air because it makes characters more realistic, to which audiences can relate. Neo-Realist filmmakers also use many non-professional actors for supporting roles, which adds realism and depth to their characters. Professional actors usually portray the principle characters but sometimes non-professionals are also utilised. The reason for the use of amateurs is because many professional actors perished during the Allied bombings or were exterminated by the Nazis (lecture, Heath-Williams, A., 2009). The use of non-professionals in principle roles gives the films added realism, especially in critical scenes. For example, when Vittorio De Sica was casting actors to play the main character in his iconic film Bicycle Thieves (dir. De Sica, 1948) he chose an ordinary factory worker to play him because, according to De Sica, everything about him was perfect (Bordwell, D., Thompson, K., 2008: 460) for the working class character he had envisioned. A professional actor would simply not have had the life experiences to draw upon to accurately portray him. Neo-Realist films are divided into two distinct categories, that is, Ideology and Style (facstaff.gpc.edu, 2010). Ideologically, Neo-Realist films portray Italy with a new, revitalised democratic spirit, strongly emphasising the value of ordinary, working class people. The films also show a compassionate viewpoint and refused to make superficial moral judgements (lecture, Heath-Williams, A., 2009). Many films are pre-occupied with Italys Fascist past and others deal with the difficult economic and moral conditions faced by Italians throughout the war and during its aftermath. There is one particular scene in Rome, Open City where a mob raids a bakery, stealing everything, including the weighing scales, which perfectly portrays the fear and desperation prevalent in contemporary Rome. Neo-Realist films also have a tendency to emphasise strong emotions rather than abstract ideas to convey their ideas, thereby inviting audiences to empathise with the plots and characters, whose experienc es mirror their own. Stylistically, Neo-Realist films avoid neatly plotted stories in favour of a loose and episodic structure, whilst mixing in a documentary-like visual style (facstaff.gpc.edu, 2010). Obsession is a prime example of the use of this loose structure, with the plot revealing itself like the chapters of a book. Its documentary-like style is shown through its use of real-time long shots, which convey the natural coming-and-goings of the characters, capturing life as it happens. This is perfectly illustrated by the infamous scene in Obsession where Giovanna eats a bowl of pasta and falls asleep at the table in her ramshackle kitchen, which confirms her exhaustion and carefully matches film-time with real-time. It is this style that gives Neo-Realist films their unique perspective, because real life is loose and episodic, it is not neatly plotted or clearly defined, sometimes literally nothing happens as in the pasta eating scene and it often ends unhappily or uncertainly. One of the first directors to focus the attention of international film critics onto Neo-Realism was Roberto Rossellini, a close friend of Mussolinis son, Vittorio. Despite his Fascist background, one of the most notable examples of Neo-Realism can be found in Rossellinis highly acclaimed film, Rome, Open City (lecture, Heath-Williams, A., 2009). The film is centred on the unlikely collaboration between Catholics and Communists fighting the Nazi occupation of Rome, shortly before the Americans liberated the city. Some footage was allegedly shot during the Nazi occupation and subsequent retreat out of Rome because of its accurate portrayal of society at the time. Indeed, Rossellini wanted to convey the cruel atmosphere that existed during the Nazi occupation, and the scene wherein Romes socio-political reality is vividly demonstrated, is when Pina is mercilessly gunned down by German soldiers as she chases the vehicle that takes her lover, Francesco, away. Perhaps, more importantly, f or a director with links to Mussolinis regime, the film with Romes resistance movement at its core has a very real anti-Fascist message. The box-office success of Rome, Open City hinted that a film revolution (ccat.sas.upenn.edu, 1996) was underway, and Rossellini remains true to Neo-Realism in his next two films, Paisan (dir. Rossellini, 1946) and Germany, Year Zero. Paisan is another example of Neo-Realisms use of an episodic structure, as its six sections loosely capturing the Allied defeat of Italy are edited together by authentic newsreel footage. The film further revolutionised filmmaking when Rossellini chose much of his cast from people who simply gathered around when his film crew set up in a town square (ccat.sas.upenn.edu, 1996). His next film, Germany, Year Zero, is set in the ruins of Berlin and shows a German viewpoint of the war and its aftermath. This film, however, was criticised by some Marxist Neo-Realists, who sensed something of a moralistic, less objective tone in this work and a distinct change of direction from Rome, Open City (archive.sensesofcinema.com). Indeed, Rossellini establishes his m oral perspective at the outset of the film when a brief written quotation and accompanying voice-over, appears to suggest that a society that strays from a decent, moral and religious path will undoubtedly plunge into chaos (Bondanella, P., 2009: 80). This is a damning indictment of Germany and its recent experiences under Hitler, but it strays a long way from Neo-Realism and its supposed reluctance to make moral judgements of this nature. Rossellini seems to suggest that German society may have broken down irretrievably because of Hitler, as Germany, Year Zero is full of relentless, bleak imagery, which illustrates its downfall, such as in the scene where desperate Berliners are reduced to eating a horse that has died in the street because they are starving (Bondanella, P., 2009: 81). In contrast, Rome, Open City differs in that Rossellini shows some vestige of hope for Italy, most notably in the scene where a group of young children even though they witness the execution of Don Pietro still find the courage to return to Rome and continue their resistance efforts. However, Rossellinis change of direction is more apparent in his films of the late 1940s and early 1950s as he moves from attempts to capture social realism to the investigation of more complex issues, such as marriage, emotional alienation, and personal despair (Bondanella, P., 2009: 130). Indeed, Rossellinis exploration of these subjects requires the exp ertise of professional actors rather than the gritty amateurs who worked on his Neo-Realist films, which is perhaps his most blatant change of style. Whilst Rossellini brought Neo-Realism to international attention, it was Vittorio De Sica who maintained its impetus (facstaff.gpc.edu, 2010). De Sica was an established film and theatre actor when he turned to filmmaking in 1939, but his films lacked any renown until he began to examine the harsh realities faced by Italians during the war (starpulse.com, 2010). Elements of Neo-Realism can therefore be found in The Children Are Watching Us (dir. De Sica, 1942) with its simple plot, social problems and use of children in key roles. However, it was during the post-war era that De Sica became one of the key figures of Neo-Realism with such classics as Shoeshine (dir. De Sica, 1946) a tragic account of the lives of two children during Americas occupation of Italy and Bicycle Thieves (biography.com, 2010). The latter is undoubtedly his greatest film and, in true Neo-Realist style, is acted mostly by non-professionals, is shot on location and deals with various social issues, including t he impact of long-term unemployment and familial relationships, in this case, between father and son. Shot on the streets of Rome, the films protagonist is Antonio, who finally secures work putting up film posters, but to keep the job he has to have his own bicycle; Antonio and his wife are therefore forced to pawn their bed sheets to secure one. The scene in the pawnshop is poignant, as the shop is overflowing with household goods that have been exchanged for money or alternative goods, which highlights Italys desperate poverty. However, the bike is stolen and the film deals with Antonio and his sons attempts to recover it (facstaff.gpc.edu, 2010). Antonio ultimately steals someone elses bicycle and is apprehended by angry locals, becoming the very person that drove him to where he is now a bicycle thief! There are clearly depths to which even desperate Italians must not descend. Bicycle Thieves successfully highlights Italys bleak situation during the post-war years, and it is this accurate, heartbreaking portrayal that makes it such an achievement. The film is not, however, witho ut controversy, as it exposes societys problems but does not offer solutions to them. Certainly Bicycle Thieves does not have a satisfying happy ending, so perhaps De Sica simply intends that society find its own solutions to the problems he reveals in Bicycle Thieves. His next Neo-Realist production was Miracle In Milan (dir. De Sica, 1951) a comic parable about the clash between Milans rich and poor followed a year later by Umberto D. (dir. De Sica, 1952), which is now accepted as a film masterpiece. However, Umberto D. was a contemporary box-office disaster (starpulse.com), as Italian audiences appeared to prefer Hollywood escapism to De Sicas themes of loneliness, poverty, suffering and the plight of the elderly in society. De Sica was therefore forced to return to more lightweight and commercial films, such as It Happened In The Park (dir. De Sica, 1953). When subsequent films also failed commercially, De Sicas career as a director stalled and, struggling to secure funding for further projects, he returned to acting and did not direct again until 1960 (starpulse.com). Neo-Realists struggled to find funding because the Italian film industry was effectively under state control by the early 1950s (Bordwell, D., Thompson, K., 2008: 460). Indeed, Giulio Andreotti, the Under-secretary of Public Entertainment, introduced a law that limited foreign imports and provided loans for domestic film production, as long as these films were not overtly critical of post-war Italy (Bondanella, P., 2009: 112). Unfortunately, Neo-Realist films clearly fell outside this strict funding criterion. A government committee was actually established to read prospective film scripts and to deny finance to openly political productions (matthewhunt.com). The Catholic Church also began to censor films according to their suitability for screening in its parish cinemas, which had been opened to combat the supposed menace of immorality and Communism as portrayed in Cinema Paradiso (dir. Tornatore, 1989) many years later. And, in 1949, the Vatican actually excommunicated Communist v oters, sympathizers, and their allies (Bondanella, P., 2009: 112), which made producing and watching Neo-Realism films extremely risky in an era when any form of social criticism seemingly equalled Communism. Similarly, as economic prosperity returned to post-war Italy, Neo-Realist films no longer felt as relevant and they started to become obsolete. Italians had recently lived through a very dark time in their history and did not appear to want it continually replayed on the big screen. Perhaps the realism of these films was just a little too accurate and a reminder of times sooner forgotten. Consequently, many Italians turned to the glamorous escapism of imported Hollywood productions and whilst Rome, Open City was the highest grossing domestic film of 1945 (cinema-scope.com, 2010) by 1952 Umberto D. was the aforementioned disaster at the Italian box-office. Indeed, historians date the end of the Neo-Realist movement with the public attacks onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Umberto D. (Bordwell, D., Thompson, K., 2008: 461). The Neo-Realist movement therefore had to adapt and a modicum of escapist comedy was introduced to dilute the realism and make the films more socially acceptable. The resulting new film style is known as Pink Neo-Realism (matthewhunt.com) that eventually gave way to the distinctive Comedia AllItaliana (matthewhunt.com). The Neo-Realism movement was therefore effectively at an end. During the occupation years the message of the Neo-Realist movement led to a social revolution amongst Italys people and government. However, as Italys post-war resurgence gained strength this message faded, as audiences preferred to forget issues like mass unemployment, extreme poverty, social decay and politics. Realism therefore became the antithesis of social change and filmmakers and audiences ironically gravitated towards the types of films made by the Fascist cinema popular taste had come full circle. With hindsight, however, it is apparent that no other film movement has achieved such an accurate portrayal of real life and won such recognition as the Italian Neo-Realist movement. Its impact on contemporary filmmaking was enormous, establishing the reputations of its key directors and offering audiences some of the outstanding films of the post-war era. And while Italian Neo-Realism lasted just ten brief years, its influence was felt immediately amongst filmmakers of the 1950 s (Bordwell, D., Thompson, K., 2008: 461), and it is still felt amongst filmmakers of today. Bibliography Bondanella, P., 2009, A HeatHistory of Italian Cinema, New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. Bondanella, P., 2007, Italian Cinema: From Neorealism To The Present, 3rd edition, New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. Bordwell, D., Thompson, K., 2008, Film Art: An Introduction, 8th edition, New York: McGraw-Hill. Cook, P., 2007, The Cinema Book, 3rd edition, London: Palgrave Macmillan. Heath-Williams, A. (2009) Introduction to Italian Neorealism, FV2S13 [Lecture] Italian Cinema, Bridgend College, School of Creative Arts, Seminar Room, Queens Road Campus, 24th September. Heath-Williams, A. (2009) Neorealism: Wartime Resistance, FV2S13 [Lecture] Italian Cinema, Bridgend College, School of Creative Arts, Seminar Room, Queens Road Campus, 8th October. Web Resources Allmovie.com (2010) History of Italian Cinema [online] Available from: http://www.allmovie.com/essays/Italian-cinema-41 [23/06/10] Senses of Cinema (2010) Roberto Rossellini [online] Available from: http://archive.sesnseofcinema.com/contents/directors/02/rossellini.html [25/06/10] Film Drama (2009) Rome, Open City (Roma, Citta Aperta) [online] Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/cinema/features/rome-open-city.shtml [23/06/10] Biography.com (2010) Vittorio de Sica Biography [online] Available from: http://www.biography.com/articles/Vittorio-de-Sica-9272724 [25/06/10] University of Pennsylvania (1996) The Cinema Under Mussolini [online] Available from: http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/italians/resources/Amiciprize/1996/mussolini.html [23/06/10] Cinema Scope (2010) Rome, Open City: Neorealism Wasnt Built in a Day [online] Available from: http://www.cinema-scope.com/cs24/spo_kaltsounakis_rome.htm [23/06/10] Criterion Collection Online Cinematheque (2007) Bicycle Thieves: A Passionate Commitment to the Real By Godfrey Cheshire [online] Available from: http://www.criterion.com/current/posts/467 [23/06/10] Facstaff.gcp.edu (2010) Film 1301, Notes 10, Italian Neorealism [online] Available from: http://facstaff.gcp.edu/njriggs/film1301/notes10.htm [3/07/10] Filmcritic.com (2007) Bicycle Thieves [online] Available from: http://www.filmcritic.com/reviews/1948/bicycle-thieves/ [23/06/10] Filmreference.com (2010) Cinema Under Fascism: The Advent of Sound and The Increase of National Production [online] Available from: http://www.filmreference.com/Independent-Film-Road-Movies/Italy-CINEMA-UNDER-FASCISM-THE-ADVENTOF-SOUND-AND-THE-INCREASE-OF-NATIONAL-PRODUCTION.html [23/06/10] Filmreference.com (2010) Historical Origins Of Italian Neorealism [online] Available from: http://filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Independent-Film-Road-Movies/Neorealism.html [23/06/10] Greencine.com (2010) Italian Neo-Realism by Megan Ratner [online] Available from: http://greencine.com/static/primers/neorealism1.jsp [24/6/10] Matthewhunt.com (2010) Neo-Realism [online] Available from: http://www.matthewhunt.com/cinema/worldcinema.html [30/06/10] The New York Times (2009) Open City (1945) [online] Available from: http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/36504/Open-City/overview [23/06/10] Starpulse.com (2010) Vittorio de Sica Biography [online] Available from: http://starpulse.com/Actors/De_Sica,_Vittorio/Biography [25/06/10]

Importance of HRM for the Function of Organisations

Importance of HRM for the Function of Organisations The functioning of modern organizations is highly dependent on the effectiveness of human resource management, which affects consistently the organizational development. In actuality, human resources comprise important assets of any organization. In such a situation, many organizations are concerned with the improvement of the performance of human resources through motivating employees and developing effective approaches to human resource management. Traditionally, human resource management played an important role in the effective functioning of an organization. At the same time, the present epoch is characterized by the development of numerous human resource challenges which were practically unknown in the past. In such a situation it is extremely important to clearly identify the problem or problems and their major causes in order to be able to cope with the HR challenges and maintain normal functioning of organizations. In this respect, it should be said that the wide implementat ion of new technologies is one of the main HR challenges many organizations working in different fields, including healthcare, face since they create serious problems caused by the gaps in the professional qualification of the personnel and the wide implementation of new technologies. In such a context, it is obvious that human resource management affects consistently the performance of organizations and the improvement of the organizational process that can be achieved through effective motivation of employees and effective leadership. In the contemporary business environment, human resources play an extremely important role because the development of organization occurs on the ground of the introduction of innovations. The introduction of innovations helps companies to take a leading position in the market and get competitive advantages over their rivals. In fact, the potential of human resources may be the major source of innovations because employees are able to generate new knowledge and introduce innovations. In this regard, the improvement of the organizational performance occurs due to the effective human resource management that can stimulate employees to innovative activities. At the same time, the effective human resource management may be a serious challenge for organizations. On analyzing the major HR challenges caused by the implementation of new technologies, it should be pointed out that probably the most serious problem is the lack of experience and essential skills of the personnel to work with new equipment and apply new technologies in practice. To put it more precisely, the current development of new technologies turns to be faster than the professional training of the personnel. What is meant here is the fact that professionals simply do not have knowledge, skills and experience to practically implement new technologies (Notorantonio, 2006). As a result, new technologies that could be very perspective and could increase substantially the work of the personnel and the performance of the organization at large are used only partially or, at any rate, their potential is not fully used. At the same time, the implementation of new technology and the lack of essential skills and knowledge engender another serious challenges the necessity of the professional training of the personnel in order to increase the qualification of professionals and prepare them to work effectively with new technologies. However, it should be said that the organization of training courses and implementation of some educational programs may be viewed only as a partial solution of this problem because in the modern, rapidly progressing world it is practically impossible that professionals could maintain the high professional level only with the help of special training or some educational programs (Clarke, 2001). In fact, nowadays, good professionals should be able to acquire new knowledge and develop new skills independently from any training programs or educators. In fact, self-education should become the major trend in the preparation of professionals to work in the modern world. In such a way, they should learn to progress constantly and improve their professional level without any external assistance but on the basis of their own skills and abilities to acquire new knowledge and develop new skills. Today, organizations attempt to keep their employees motivated and satisfied with their position and work that contributes to the higher productivity and effectiveness of work and, therefore, it contributes to the better organizational performance. In such a situation compensation methods and benefit programs may be crucial for employees and organizations, but it is important to understand the fact that compensation and financial stimuli are not the only factors that can have a positive impact on the organizational performance. First of all, it should be said that compensation methods are primarily used to motivate employees work better. In this respect, it should be said that such motivation heavily relies on the idea of utility as the cornerstone of the utilitarianism. In other words, the motivation is defined by individuals needs and interests, which are prior to all other factors that can motivate him/her. To put it more precisely, the utilitarian approach to the motivation stands on the ground that people are more likely to get motivated to do some actions, for instance, when they get some benefits from it and, on the contrary, the risk of losses or some harm that may be caused by these actions is an important factor that decreases considerably the motivation of an individual. It should be pointed out that the utilitarian approach to the motivation heavily relies on the rationalism of an individual since, in terms of this theory, human actions are determined by their utility or profitability (Clarke, 2000). This means that it is only a perspective of some benefits that can really motivate a person, but, on the other hand, such a utilitarian view implies that an individual should evaluate carefully all his/her action and motivation is also rationally justified and evaluated because it is on the basis of the racial judgment an individual can get either motivated or non-motivated to take an action. At first glance, such an approach seems to be logical and quite convincing, but, in actuality, it proves to be rather naÃÆ' ¯ve because such a view on the motivation means that people are unable to spontaneous actions. In other words, the motivation is rather a rational act than a spontaneous or unplanned act. In such a context, the use of financial compensation seems to be efficient. At the same time, different types of compensations may have different effects. For instance, skill-based pay implies that employees skills play the primary role in their benefits. Hence, they are motivated to train and improve their qualification, but, on the other hand, it does not ensure really effective and productive work because the quantity or productivity of work is not mirrored in benefit programs and compensations. The same trend may be traced in regard to the competence play. On the other hand, compensation and benefit programs cannot rely solely on the productivity of employees, the amount of products or services they create and provide for customers because it does not stimulate the professional development of employees. In this respect, the variable pay seems to be the most balanced compensation and benefit program because it stimulates both professional development of employees along with high effectiveness and productivity of their work. As a result, employees are interested to work better and, what is more important, they are conscious of the fact that if they learn, train and improve their qualification they will have better career prospects and higher benefits. In such a situation, the motivation of employees is very important because it contributes to the improvement of the organizational performance consistently. At the same time, the development of effective human resource management and motivation of employees leading to the consistent improvement of their organizational performance is impossible without the effective leadership. The process improvement occurs in the course of the organizational development, which is grounded on the development of the human resource management and effective leadership that helps employees to maximize the effectiveness of their organizational performance. In this respect, it is important to lay emphasis on the fact that the organizational performance is grounded on the effective leadership and the process improvement is impossible without the leadership as well. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that the leadership contributes to the consistent improvement of the organizational performance. However, contemporary leaders pay a particular attention to the improvement of the organizational performance through the improvement of the effectiveness of the human resource management. In actuality, leaders are particularly effective in motivating of employees. At this point, it is important to lay emphasis on the fact that effective leaders can motivate employees without using financial motivators. Consequently, organizations can save costs and maximize their organizational performance using the power and leadership qualities of their leaders to motivate employees and to maximize their performance. Moreover, charismatic and effect ive leaders can encourage their employees to develop innovations and introduce innovative approaches to their work. Therefore, the development of the effective leadership style can be crucial for the process improvement and the improvement of the organizational performance. In actuality, it is possible to distinguish different leadership styles which are considered to be effective. In this respect, it is possible to single out transformational leadership style as one of the most effective leadership styles in the contemporary business environment. In fact, the transformational leadership style facilitates the introduction of changes and innovations in organizations and managers can use the transformational leadership style to maximize the effectiveness of the organizational performance. The transformational leadership style implies that leaders act as stewards to their employees and guide them in the course of the introduction of change, innovation, or their regular work. In such a way, leaders close the gap between them and their subordinates and help to facilitate the introduction of changes and maximize the effectiveness of the performance of employees. Therefore, the organizational performance depends consistently on the effectiveness of the leaders hip and human resource management. In such a situation, leaders can stimulate and motivate their employees to improve their performance and the organizational performance at large that leads to the overall improvement of the organizational development. Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is important to lay emphasis on the fact that contemporary organizations depend on the effectiveness of the performance of their human resources and leadership. In this regard, leaders can facilitate the introduction of changes and other processes that improve the organizational development and organizational performance. In fact, the motivation of employees and ability of managers to introduce changes contribute consistently to the improvement of the organizational performance. As a result, it is possible to estimate that the rapid technological development, leading to numerous HR challenges related to the unpreparedness of professionals to the practical implementation of these technologies and leading to the necessity of organization of training courses and educational programs, can be used more effectively if the personnel comes prepared and being conscious of the necessity to continue their education and development of new skills and knowledge on their own as a part of their professional development. Consequently, modern organizations are dependent on the leadership, motivation of employees, effective human resource management that facilitates and improves the organizational performance. References Anonymous (1994, May). New technologies will impact HR departments. HR Focus 71 (5), 11. Clarke, R. L. (2000).   Investing in the human resource.   Healthcare Financial Management 54 (2); 16. Keener, R. (1999, May). Problems for everyone in IT staffing needs. Healthcare Management Technology 20 (4), 10. Minehan, M. (1997, December). Technologys increasing impact on the workplace. HR Magazine 42 (12), 168. Notorantonio, R. (2006).   Going Once, Going Twiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Health Management Technology 27 (2), 30. United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (2003). Employment Unemployment.   Retrieved on December 8, 2003, from http://www.bls.gov/.

Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet - Insanity and Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Hamlet and Insanity  Ã‚   The following five paragraphs will cover the point of: What is insainity? How does Hamlet tie in with insainity? What or who is the cause of insainity? While I try to overcome these questions to tackle the true answers, you will be thinking and deciding for yourself if Hamlet is "insane" or not. What does insainity? The Webster's New World Dictionary--Third College Edition defines it as "mentally ill or deranged; demented; mad; senseless." My defintion is not as cruel as the dictionary's definition. My opinion of someone that is insane is they don't necessarily have all of their marbles. The definition in the dictionary kind of explains my definition which is someone that is not paying close attention to those around them. The way people just throw the word insane aroud makes it seem as if it's not a real sickness. But the thing is that people don't realize that it's not something they should joke about. About three or four years ago, there was a song that was titled "Sane" and in one part they said, "...you're insane, got no brain..." So this little line in the song is also part of the true meaning of insainity. Is Hamlet crazy? I personally don't feel that Hamlet is crazy. I think that because the Queen didn't want to face her past with her first "true" husband, she labelled Hamlet as someone that is "mentally ill, or mad." When we had the discussion of what do we think about the topic of your parents paid one of your friends to talk to you to see if you're okay, I think we also covered some good points to defend both sides of the arguement. On one hand people were saying that what the Queen did was wrong because she shouldn't have someone to talk to her son but that she should do it for herself. And on the other side of the arguement, people were saying that they would talk to their friend for the parent but not if they were going to get paid. I don't think that Hamlet is crazy, I feel that he just needed to get his thoughts to gether because he was still trying to comprehend that fact that his mother got married to his uncle and she didn't even seem to care about what he felt. What is the cause of someone being insane or who?

Oil Conspiracy Essay -- Environment Oil Fuel Essays Papers

Oil Conspiracy It is common knowledge these days that major oil companies are among the most wealthy and powerful entities in the world. Their massive incomes contribute enormously to economies all over the world and this gives them massive pull in these economies. It is no wonder then that conspiracy theories and myths of large scale evil plots surround these major oil producers. They range from the ridiculous to quite believable. Every thing from the deletion of alternative energies from ever making it into the market to wars has been blamed on these major oil companies. Some of them are very believable while others seem a stretch of the truth. Are oil companies really behind these vast conspiracies? Have they really been evilly plotting to start wars and destroy the environment? Believe it or not it is rather difficult to find real hard facts on either side of this dilemma. Those that say yes are often radical left wing liberals that blow this out of proportion and blame things like 9/11 on oil companies, claiming that it was an elaborate scheme to start a war in the Middle East to increase oil production. This seems way too farfetched and I personally hope to god that it’s not true. On the other side of the argument against oil companies (the sane one) it is equally as difficult to get information. When you sift through the articles it is apparent that there has been corruption and cases of oil companies using their vast power to influence government legislation and alternative energy uses. Whether or not these represent true cases of conspiracy is not clear. They do however show that oil companies have used less than ethical tactics to ensure high earnings for them selves. Cases like t... .... Rosentreter, Richard. (Sept. 2000) Oil, Profits, and the Question of Alternative Energy. Retrieved Feb. 9 from http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1374/is_5_60/ai_65133031 2. Liese, Lindsey. Disappearance of the Electric car Unveiled in Documentary. West World. Retrieved Feb. 8 from http://www.niles-hs.k12.il.us/westword/issue4,06-07/world5.pdf 3. Stop the Oil Company Greed. Nader.org. Retrieved on Feb. 9 from http://www.nader.org/template.php?/archives/276-Stop-the-Oil-Company-Greed.html http://aboutfacts.net/Conspiracy2.htm 4. Did General Motors destroy the LA mass transit system? The Straight Dope Retrieved Feb 9 from http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_335.html 5. General Motors Street car Conspiracy. Wikipedia. Retrieved Feb 8 from http://www.answers.com/topic/general-motors-streetcar-conspiracy

Bribery and Corruption Police Corruption

The word corrupt when used as an adjective literally means â€Å"utterly broken†. The word was first used by Aristoteles and later by Cicero who added the terms bribe and abandonment of good habits. According to Morris, corruption is described as the illegitimate use of public power to benefit a private interest. Senior, however, defines corruption as an action to (a) secretly provide (b) a good or a service to a third party (c) so that he or she can influence certain actions which (d) benefit the corrupt, a third party, or both (e) in which the corrupt agent has authority. Scales of corruptionCorruption can occur on different scales. There is corruption that occurs as small favours between a small number of people (petty corruption), corruption that affects the government on a large scale (grand corruption), and corruption that is so prevalent that it is part of the every day structure of society, including corruption as one of the symptoms of organized crime (systemic corrup tion). Petty corruption occurs at a smaller scale and within established social frameworks and governing norms. Examples include the exchange of small improper gifts or use of personal connections to obtain favors.This form of corruption is particularly common in developing countries and where public servants are significantly underpaid. Grand corruption is defined as corruption occurring at the highest levels of government in a way that requires significant subversion of the political, legal and economic systems. Such corruption is commonly found in countries with authoritarian or dictatorial governments but also in those without adequate policing of corruption.The government system in many countries is divided into the legislative, executive and judiciary branches in an attempt to provide independent services that are less prone to corruption due to their independence. Systemic corruption (or endemic corruption)[5] is corruption which is primarily due to the weaknesses of an organ ization or process. It can be contrasted with individual officials or agents who act corruptly within the system. Factors which encourage systemic corruption include conflicting incentives, discretionary powers; monopolistic powers; lack of transparency; low pay; and a culture of impunity.Specific acts  of corruption include â€Å"bribery, extortion, and embezzlement† in a system where â€Å"corruption becomes the rule rather than the exception.† Scholars distinguish between centralized and decentralized systemic corruption, depending on which level of state or government corruption takes place; in countries such as the Post-Soviet states both types occur.Corruption in different sectorsCorruption can occur in different sectors, whether they be public or private industry or even NGOs.Government/Public SectorPublic sector corruption is one of the more insidious forms of corruption; a corrupt governing body can lead to widespread effects in the rest of society. Recent r esearch by the World Bank suggests that who makes policy decisions (elected officials or bureaucrats) can be critical in determining the level of corruption because of the incentives different policy-makers faceLegislative System (Political)Main article: Political corruptionA political cartoon from Harper's Weekly, January 26, 1878, depicting U.S. Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz investigating the Indian Bureau at the U.S. Department of the Interior. The original caption for the cartoon is: â€Å"THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR INVESTIGATING THE INDIAN BUREAU. GIVE HIM HIS DUE, AND GIVE THEM THEIR DUES.† Political corruption is the abuse of public power, office, or resources by elected government officials for personal gain, e.g. by extortion, soliciting or offering bribes[10] It can also take the form of office holders maintaining themselves in office by purchasing votes by enacting laws which use taxpayers' money.Executive System (Police)Main article: Police corruptionPo lice corruption is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial benefits, other personal gain, and/or career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest. One common form of police corruption is soliciting and/or accepting bribes in exchange for not reporting  organized drug or prostitution rings or other illegal activities.Another example is police officers flouting the police code of conduct in order to secure convictions of suspects — for example, through the use of falsified evidence. More rarely, police officers may deliberately and systematically participate in organized crime themselves. In most major cities, there are internal affairs sections to investigate suspected police corruption or misconduct. Similar entities include the British Independent Police Complaints Commission.Judiciary SystemJudicial Corruption refers to corruption related misconduct of judges, th rough receiving or giving bribes, improper sentencing of convicted criminals, bias in the hearing and judgement of arguments and other such misconduct. Governmental corruption of judiciary is broadly known in many transitional and developing countries because the budget is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary. The proper national wealth distribution including the government spending on the judiciary is subject of the constitutional economics. It is important to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the government (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private.CorporateMain article: Corporate crimeAs corporations and business entities grow larger, sometimes with a monetary turnover many times that of small countries, the threat of corruption in the business world, within the organization, in dealings with other organ isations and in dealings with the government is a looming and growing threat.UnionsLabor racketeering is the domination, manipulation, and control of a labor movement in order to affect related businesses and industries. It can lead to the denial of workers’ rights and inflicts an economic loss on the workers, business, industry, insurer, or consumer. The historical involvement of La Cosa Nostra in labor racketeering has been thoroughly documented: More than one-third of the 58 members arrested in 1957 at the  Apalachin conference in New York listed their employment as â€Å"labor† or â€Å"labor-management relations.†Three major U.S. Senate investigations have documented La Cosa Nostra’s involvement in labor racketeering. One of these, the McClellan Committee, in the late-1950s, found systemic racketeering in both the International Brotherhood of Teamsters and the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees International Union. In 1986, the President†™s Council on Organized Crime reported that five major unions—including the Teamsters and the Laborers International Union of North America—were dominated by organized crime. In the early 1980s, former Gambino Family Boss Paul Castellano was overheard saying, â€Å"Our job is to run the unions.†Labor unions provide a rich source for organized criminal groups to exploit: their pension, welfare, and health funds. There are approximately 75,000 union locals in the U.S., and many of them maintain their own benefit funds. In the mid-1980s, the Teamsters controlled more than 1,000 funds with total assets of more than $9 billion. The FBI currently has several investigative techniques to root out labor law violations: electronic surveillance, undercover operations, confidential sources, and victim interviews.They also have numerous criminal and civil statutes to use at their disposal, primarily through the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization (RICO) Statute. Citation needed The Teamsters are the best example of how efficiently the civil RICO process can be used. For decades, the Teamsters has been substantially controlled by La Cosa Nostra. In recent years, four of eight Teamster presidents were indicted, yet the union continued to be controlled by organized crime elements. The government has been fairly successful at removing the extensive criminal influence from this 1.4 million-member union by using the civil process.

P-ISM

When writing a short observe, pen and paper are nevertheless maximum herbals to use. The five pen technology with virtual pen and paper makes it possible to get a digital reproduction of handwritten facts and have it ship to virtual devices through BluetoothP-ISM (Pen Style Personal Networking Gadget) that is nothing but the new discovery that's developed by means of the Nec Co-operation in 2003 . It's far truly a new invention in the computer and it is related to communique area. Honestly, this may have a remarkable effect on the pc discipline. In this tool, you will locate Bluetooth as the main interconnecting tool between extraordinary peripherals.INTRODUCTIONLaptop impacts our lives in a far larger manner then most of us may have an idea. It has grown to be a compulsory requirement in most professions with a view to use pc software. Modern computer systems which can be primarily based on integrated circuits are small enough to fit into mobile gadgets, however, imagine having a computer a good way to suit into a pen.Imagine a global wherein everybody can use modern IT without being a professional. P-ISM is a system gadget including five functions: it includes a CPU for processing, it also used as a conversation pen, it carries a very small projector within it, and also it has a digital camera scanner and a battery with it. P-ISMs are linked to each other via short-range Wi-Fi generation. The P-ISM (Pen-fashion personal Networking machine bundle) is best a prototype underneath growing level by NEC employer. In 2003, Geneva held the ITU telecom phrase exhibition which exhibited a conceptual $30,000 prototype of a P-ISM designed by means of the Tokyo-based totally NEC employer.A PC that uses an electronic pen (called a stylus) as opposed to a console for input. Pen PCs for the most part require unique working frameworks that help penmanship acknowledgment with the goal that clients can compose on the screen or on a tablet as opposed to writing on a console. Most pen PCs are hand-held gadgets, which are too little for a full-estimate console.WORKING PROCESSThe P-ISM (Pen-style personal Networking system gadget) consists of a gadget of five pens that everyone has unique capabilities, Figure 1: Working of P-ISM? CPU penCPU capability is dead by mistreatment the pen itself. â€Å"P-ISM† is additionally referred to as computing engine Processors used within the pen is that the twin-core processor and it's miles labored on the premise of home windows OS.? Communication penP-ISM uses Wireless Bluetooth technology for the communication and transfers the information to a different system. P-ISM additionally also will create a connection to with any cellular device and also it can use the Wi-Fi technology. ? Virtual keyboardP-ism provides associate degree integral virtual optical maser keyboard that may be a new widget. The operating of the P-ISM is that it emits the optical maser beams on the table surface that forms a keyboard On this specific keyboard, this can be done by a 3D IR sensing element technology with optical maser technology to induce a full-size keyboard. ? Led ProjectorThe pen contains an Led projector within it. So it can project an led monitor with the size of A4 and the resolution of the screen is approximately of 1024*768. The monitor projected by the P-ISM gave more clarity for the projection and a gave a good picture to the viewer.? Digital CameraWe had a photographic camera within the form of a pen. It is helpful in video, Videoconferencing; merely it's known as a net cam. It's additionally connected to different devices through Bluetooth. The key advantage it's little that is well transportable. It's a 360- Degree communication Device. We've seen video phones many times in movies.Advantages of P-ISMWhat makes the P-ISM totally different from all of the prevailing elements is that its form likes pens. Pens are quite common objects that we supply around on everyday basis; by carrying simply four pens you'll produce a laptop. So, its transportable and may be carried simply.As the pen is a smaller amount visible and it's easier to require it out with you, the scale and weight are plenty less and it will probably priceless because it can use less material.P-ISM adopts Bluetooth technology for informatio n transfer that may be a wireless technology.Disadvantages of P-ISMThe P-ISM is formed from five loose pens which are able to move around with any amendment within the movement of the area. in an exceedingly train journey, there's tons of movement which is able to shake the pens around and shake the projection of the keyboard and screen. So, this can't be as stable and economical as a portable computer.Also, these pens area unit terribly little and fragile so that they are broken simply whereas handling them or carrying them around. One pen itself prices quite a striated muscle thus you can't risk damaging or losing them.ConclusionThe specialized gadgets are getting to be noticeably littler and conservative. This is just a case of the beginning of this new innovation. We can expect all the more such advancements later on; it appears that data terminals are boundlessly getting littler P-ISM.

Things Everyone Should Know-Chemical and Biological Weapons essays

Things Everyone Should Know-Chemical and Biological Weapons essays In every life time one will experience the effect of a weapon, whether it is that of a car, knife, gun or even the horrors of a bomb or the possible threat of chemical and/or biological agents. No matter what the source of destruction, it causes the downfall of some type. Some believe that a car accident or a gun is more dangerous and destructive to life, however that common person does not understand the unfamiliar hazards and irreversible effects that these viruses and bacterium can cause. Currently the United States has been struggling with the thought of anthrax and other weapons of biological threat infecting their loved ones and our nations world status. Chemical and biological weapons developed by the United States scientists have not only protected the United States against a massive chemical and/or biological attack, but have also cost the United States millions of dollars and thousands of lives in the production and the investigation of chemical and biological weapons. The use of chemical and biological weapons date far back in the history books, even before writing was around. At least 3,000 years ago, chemicals were added to fires to create fumes that would choke and sicken the enemy. Greek fire was a chemical weapon, perhaps invented in A.D. 660 by a Greek engineer named Callinicus (Pringle, pg 14). The Greek fire caused the Arab and Russian enemies to weaken on the port city Constantinople producing a Greek victory. The term biological warfare is a more recent development in the weapons of mass destruction era. Only until the nineteenth century did scientist prove that germs cause infectious disease. (The term germs includes bacteria, viruses, and rickettsia.) In the 19th century, citizens only knew that disease spread through a sick person, a human corpse or an animal carcass. An easy way to poison an enemys population was to simply p...

Minerals essays

Minerals essays Minerals have many different shapes, colors, and they also have many uses. Crystals, metals, and rocks are also minerals just a different kind. Minerals are all over this planet and even in outer space. Living creatures have used minerals in their systems to help their growth. A mineral can also be deadly to living creatures. Some minerals can only form in certain conditions. Certain minerals take long periods of time to create. Crystals, metals, and rocks are all minerals just in some different forms. Crystals have a pure look and they come in many shapes, and colors. Metals have a shiny look, and they also have a softness to a very hard strength. Rocks like limestone has a combination of several minerals. Minerals are classified in 11 different forms. 1. Native elements 2. Sulfides 3. Sulfosalts 4. Oxides and Hydroxides 5. Halides and borates 6. Carbonates 7. Nitrates and oidates 8. Phosphates, vanadates, and arsendates 9. Sulfates10. Tungstates and molydates 11. And silicates. Minerals have more than a thousand different shapes, colors, strength, weight, and their dividing centers. Each mineral has there own specific looks. For example titanium is very hard and has a black-grayish look. But aluminum is soft and has a light-greyish look . There have been 1,500 estimate minerals, but only 200 were identified as common minerals 30 consider frequently enough to be considered as rocks. A crystal is a mineral but looks different from metals. Sometimes crystals and metals will combine into one for example a titanium crystal. Metals are mostly shiny hard useful minerals. Crystals are mainly clear objects that have a crystal look. Minerals come in hardness here are the soft to hardness of minerals from 1 to 10. 1. Tack 2. Gypsum 3. Calcite 4. Fluorite 5. Apatite 6. Orthoclase 7. Quartz 8. Topaz 9. Corundum and 10. Diamond. Crystal comes from the Greek word meaning clear ice. Greek use to think that ice was just another form for qua...

Intro to Human Services Case Management essayEssay Writing Service

Intro to Human Services Case Management essayEssay Writing Service Intro to Human Services Case Management essay Intro to Human Services Case Management essay  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The case management involving the AIDS program and work with clients with AIDS may be quire challenging. At the same time, the focus on specific elements of case management can maximize its effectiveness.One of the main elements of the case management is the assessment. In case of work with clients with AIDS, the assessment involves not only physical examination of clients but also the assessment of their psychological condition and study of their social environment because they can affect the lifestyle and habits of patients. Therefore, they affect the recovery and rehabilitation of clients.The next element of the case management is planning, which has proved to be crucial in the treatment of clients with AIDS. The planning involves the long-run plan of the provision of health care and social care services. The development of the planning is essential because clients with AIDS need complex heal th care and social services. They may need the extensive psychological support. The planning is based on the assessment of needs of the target population. The adequate assessment of needs creates opportunities for the elaboration of the accurate plan. The accurate plan, in its turn, may contribute to the higher quality of living of clients compared to the quality the client could have had, if there were no plan.Monitoring and control is another important element of the case management. While working with clients with AIDS, monitoring and control helps to identify possible problems in the course of the plan implementation and resolve them.Thus, the aforementioned elements of the case management are crucial for the successful case management and work with clients with AIDS.

Comedy Club essays

Comedy Club essays The Comedy Club was a presentation by Steve Kent in which it dealt with comedy as a mean of medicine. He called it the medicine of the soul. Researches suggest that comedy raises the immunes level of T cells. This in its self is a scientific phenomenon in which research is being gathered to try to explain why this is taken place physiologically. During his presentation, Steve talks about the power of humor in which he states it both gets you into trouble and out of trouble. For example, when someone falls to the ground they often use humor to avoid as much embarrassment as possible. It is in a sense your bodys protection tool from emotion. He also dealt with the use of humor to lighten the seriousness of situations. Studies support that people who laugh a lot while diagnosed with a terminal illness, they are more likely to live longer then people who laugh less (personal I have no idea how this was researched). I feel that humor is of great importance. If the world was without humor, I think that it would be an unbearable place to live in. The problem is that not everyone has as much to laugh at. That is why it is important for people like Steve to travel and teach people what comedy is all about (of course he does this in a humorous way). During his performance, he used the audience as his props and his story line. This was one way which he got the audience involved and demonstrated the meaning of improv. He was incredibly funny and he did achieve is directive by doing two things: 1. Teaching us about the effect that humor has; 2. He made us laugh. I would recommend Steves seminar on humor to anyone interested in learning more about the nature of the body and the delighting of the soul. ...

The Strategic Role of Human Resources Management in the Organization Essay

The Strategic Role of Human Resources Management in the Organization - Essay Example On the same lines, Mayer (2008) defined strategy as the actions that are undertaken by the organization to achieve success and competitive advantage in the market place. The human resources are the most important driving forces that affect the performance level of the organization and make the attainment of competitive advantage possible for the organization. The lack of consideration for the human resources department in the decision making of the organization creates differences between the execution and strategic plans; it is required to include the human resources department in the formulation of strategies so that the employees can be managed in a fitting manner. SHRM cannot be understood or addressed in a complete manner unless HRM is explained; therefore the reasons of inadequacy of the traditional HRM have been explained in the following section. 2.1 Reasons of Inadequacy of Traditional HRM Mayer (2008) stated that traditional human resource management mainly focuses at the d ay-to-day functioning of the organization thereby reducing the focus on the long term objectives of the organization. Taylor (2005) pointed out that HRM adopts a people-centered approach that diminishes the focus on the real business needs of the organization. The role of HRM, in other words, people management seems to be limited to the management of the following four objectives; staffing, performance, change management and administration. Human resource managers lack the knowledge about the business needs therefore the policies and procedures are not aligned with the direction and overall vision of the organization. It is due to these reasons that the prefix ‘strategic’ has been added to the idea of human... The Strategic Role of Human Resources Management in the Organization Earlier, human resource management was considered to be a mechanism to manage the people, policies and routine procedures in the organization. It bore no greater relevance than this paradigm. Human resource management was often reversibly used for personnel management or people management. It is due to the passage of years that the field of human resource management has evolved and its horizon has broadened. The demanding needs of the current markets and dynamic customer behaviours make it necessary for the human resource management to be aligned with the strategic goals and plans of the organization. The isolation of these aspects creates a gap between the execution of the goals and management of the company’s resources. The evolution in the field of HRM has made it come out of its narrow scope and has created the concept of strategic human resource management (SHRM). The traditional human resource management was considered to be ‘people management’ that mainly involved the basic HR functions of administration, staffing, controlling etc. The field of business has changed with time and people have become important assets in the competing world. Strategic human resource management promotes the amalgamation of HR practices with the organizational goals so that the human resources can be managed and hence directed towards the attainment of the objectives.

Discussion a solution to the problem of protecting endangered species Essay

Discussion a solution to the problem of protecting endangered species - Essay Example Humans must realize that we are not the only creatures which use the world. Many species of animals are all around us, and sometimes our activities destroy the specialized habitats that these animals need in order to live, produce young, and have enough to eat. In the case of the right whales, conservationists recognized a need to preserve this rare and beautiful animal which was hunted nearly to extinction before being protected. Once protected, human activities were still killing the whales. The shippers did not have to entirely eliminate using the Bay as a port, but changing the routes to avoid the places where the whales spent their time meant that continued human activity would not continue to destroy the endangered species. This example shows that it is possible for conservationists, activists, industry and government to work together toward a common goal. Sometimes activists would like to completely prevent industry from exploiting natural resources, and sometimes industry does not make wise choices and completely destroys the habitats of endangered animals. The result of the small change in the Bay of Fundy was a record number of right whale births in 2009, which is a big step toward rebuilding the population of this endangered species. Small changes lead to big changes when humans pay attention to their

Ehics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ehics - Essay Example Active euthanasia requires some direct action which leads to death. There is not a withdrawal of life-support systems, but some affirmative action which speeds up or results in a person's death. The important point is that this type of euthanasia is done to a person who would otherwise die of natural causes. In this way, the death is sped up rather than caused. It is also important to note that active euthanasia is not the same as a mercy killing. A mercy killing occurs when the patient is unable to direct another person. In the active euthanasia situation, by contrast, the patient is aware of what is happening and is able to direct the acts of euthanasia. Thus, the patient agrees to this course of action. There are no questions as to the patient's intent. In sum, active euthanasia is the speeding up of a person's death. This person consents to the euthanasia and would, in any event, die of natural causes. There are many arguments in support of this particular type of euthanasia. As an initial matter, both common people and medical professionals argue in large numbers that prolonging a terminal illness causes unnecessary pain and suffering for the patient and for the patient's friends and family. As mentioned, the person is going to die. Why, then, should we as a moral society force these types of patients to suffer extreme physical and emotional pain Would it not be more ethical to relieve them of this pain, and cut short the trauma and the mental torture Another argument in support of active euthanasia is the stress caused to the family of the patient. There is certainly emotional pain; in addition, there may be many financial problems, too. Advanced medical care is expensive and health insurance is not always available or adequate to cover all of the medical expenses. In addition to the arguments dealing with the pain, suffering, and financial burdens associated with prolonging a terminally ill patient, there are also arguments that focus on the dignity of the patient. This is not the same thing as pain and suffering. The dignity refers to a patient's right to decide his own future. It is the patient's body, his illness, and it is presumptuous and authoritarian to take away a patient's right to determine his own treatment and fate. A patient is a free human being, and as such has the right to reject medical advice or to demand the onset of death or the withdrawal of life-sustaining medical treatments. This type of argument, however, assumes that the person is rational and not suffering from a mental illness. A final type of argument in support of active euthanasia is concerned more with society than with an individual patient or his family. There is an argument that medical resources are limited, often expensive, and that it would be foolish to waste these resources on patients who are going to die anyway. Why allocate precious resources to a losing situation when they might be better and more effectively used on other patients In sum, there are many arguments in favor of active euthanasia. First, this practice can relieve the patient of pain and suffering. Second , it can relieve his family from emotional pain and possible financial disasters. Third, this is a personal and private decision which should be made by the individual patient. Finally, it is foolish to waste precious medical resources on pati

INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURES Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURES - Assignment Example In essence, Shanghai General Motors was established in mid 1997 with the initiative of a joint venture with another world leading automotive industry known as General Motors (Anderson 2012). The business relationship was meant to be an equal contribution. This relationship was later sealed with the first automotive assemble in 1999 and the first vehicle been Buick Regal. Four years later, the company was rated as the second largest single market that had hit the market with General Motor products. In this regard, Shanghai General Motors is involved with the assembling of components of vehicles that emanate from parts imported from different corners of the globe particularly from US, Korea, Brazil among other countries that are capable of producing automotive parts across the globe. At times, the company makes orders on these parts in advance because some require lengthy shipping to comply with the orders given by customer in various parts of the world (Klein and Abels 2008). From the re onwards, this joint venture has immensely improved to become China’s largest automotive manufacturing company. ... According to Luo and Yan 2001, it is worth noting that China is among the leading countries that have advanced technologically and thus the automotive industry is not un exception. Of importance to note is that automotive industry is one of the world’s crucial technological areas as it involves variety of vehicles which are targeted by millions of people globally. Never the less, information gathering from this multi billion company has not been easy because some of their facts keep on fluctuating depending on the behavior of the market and their potential competitors such as Chery and MD Rover. Actually, they believe in coming up with unique brands, which they place into the market without having to advertise first to bar their competitors from coming up with similar brands that might threaten their ever growing market of automotives. In addition, it becomes cumbersome for individuals to easily access their numerous distinct plants where most of the assembling is done in rega rd to their policy. Type of joint venture It is apparent that Shanghai General Motors Company has been one of the biggest car manufacturing companies in china. The company was formed after a successful collaboration between General Motors and SAIC. With continued lack of advanced technology imported to china by other companies, SAIC decided to approach GM with intent of importing top technology to china on the basis that SAIC would help GM to jointly work in china. In this regard, SAIC and GM privately held a joint venture in 1997 and Shanghai GM (SGM) was born. The investment was valued at $ 1.69 billion. In light of this, it is apparent that the privately held joint venture between the two companies improved their performance (Baran, et al 1996). With GM, china was not only a